What Is Sip Trunk

What a SIP trunk is? A SIP trunk is an IP connection that establishes a SIP communications link between your organization and an Internet telephony service provider (ITSP) beyond your firewall. Typically, a SIP trunk is used to connect your organization’s central site to an ITSP. In some cases, you may also opt to use SIP trunking to connect your branch site to an ITSP. Unlike in traditional telephony, where bundles of physical wires were once delivered from the service provider to a business, a SIP trunk allows a company to replace these traditional fixed PSTN lines with PSTN connectivity via a SIP trunking service provider on the Internet.SIP trunks can offer significant cost-savings for enterprises, eliminating the need for local PSTN gateways, costly ISDN BRIs (Basic Rate Interfaces) or PRIs (Primary Rate Interfaces). Why you would use a SIP trunk? Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is used to initiate and manage Voice over IP (VoIP) communications sessions for basic teleph one service and for additional real-time communication services, such as instant messaging, conferencing, presence detection, and multimedia. This section provides planning information for implementing SIP trunks, a type of SIP connection that extends beyond the boundary of your local network.Deploying SIP trunking can be a big step toward simplifying your organization’s telecommunications and preparing for up-to-date enhancements to real-time communications. One of the primary advantages of SIP trunking is that you can consolidate your organization’s connections to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) at a central site, as opposed to its predecessor, time division multiplexing (TDM) trunking, which typically requires a separate trunk from each branch site. RFCs that discuss SIP trunking Best Practices for SIP Trunks:Since SIP trunks are meant for interconnection between servers, they SHOULD run over TCP. Authentication SHOULD be done using mutual TLS authentic ation, with both sides of the trunk providing a TLS Certificate. TODO: might be interesting to recommend some practices for usage of phone numbers, but this might be out of scope here. Security Considerations: Servers providing SIP trunks will need to authenticate and authorize access to those trunk services. This specification recommends usage of the practices defined and required in RFC 3261 – mutual TLS uthentication – for this purpose. In some cases, the requests sent on SIP trunks can require confidentiality and message integrity. In such cases, usage of mutual authenticated TLS is RECOMMENDED. [RFC3261] Rosenberg, J. , Schulzrinne, H. , Camarillo, G. , Johnston, A. , Peterson, J. , Sparks, R. , Handley, M. , and E Schooler, â€Å"SIP: Session Initiation Protocol†, RFC 3261, June 2002. [RFC3263] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): Locating SIP Servers†, RFC 3263, June 2002.Informative References: [RFC4458] Jenni ngs, C. , Audet, F. , and J. Elwell, â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) URIs for Applications such as Voicemail and Interactive Voice Response (IVR)†, RFC 4458, April 2006. [RFC4480] Schulzrinne, H. , Gurbani, V. , Kyzivat, P. , and J. Rosenberg, â€Å"RPID: Rich Presence Extensions to the Presence Information Data Format (PIDF)†, RFC 4480, July 2006. [RFC3903] Niemi, A. , â€Å"Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for Event State Publication†, RFC 3903, October 2004.

Stock Track Report

I. Portfolio Objective: A. Allocation For our portfolio mix, we invested roughly 81% on stocks, 15% on Bonds and 4% on Cash. Our target for the portfolio allocation is that we invested 90% on stocks and 10% on Cash for short term investments. Our goal was investing 80% of our cash for stock market because we know that will get higher return form stock market instead of bonds which is safer to own but bring lower return, and we are young, so we love to take more risk. We also wanted to keep 20% of our money in cash which available for short-term investment.According to the requirements, we ended up spent around 60% on domestic market stock, 10% on international stock market, 10% for short-term stock, 15% on bonds and the rest is in cash which can also bring us interest. As we said above, we are risk takers, so we would have spent all of money for our stock market. Therefore, for this project we think that we followed both active and passive strategy, but we really understand the purpo se of this project which help us to begin investing in stock and bond market and its system. II. Performance Evaluation:Let begin our Stock-Trak performance which the regression result: Stock-Trak ReportBy Khang Nguyen and Tseveendorj Jigmedsanjaa10-08-2012| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The 13% of the R-square is explained by the The alpha has a negative return and the p-value is greater than 1, so it means it is insignificant. In other words, I have an abnormal return. On the other hand, the beta=1. 58 which was positive and the p-value was less than 1. My annualized geometric return on the portfolio was negative along with the S&P500 returns.Therefore, it is unreasonable to explain the Sharpe and Treynor Ratio. In order to explicate these ratios, your annualized geometric return has to be positive along with the market index. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | As we seen in the table, the R-square is only . 13 which means that only 13% of Y is explained by X which is not good.The standard deviation of the portfolio is higher than the market index, which means that the portfolio was risky comparing to the market index. The alpha has a negative return and the p-value is greater than 1, so it means it is insignificant. In other words, I have an abnormal return. On the other hand, the beta=1. 58 which was positive and the p-value was less than 1. My annualized geometric return on the portfolio was negative along with the S&P500 returns. Therefore, it is unreasonable to explain the Sharpe and Treynor Ratio.In order to explicate these ratios, your annualized geometric return has to be positive along with the market index. III. Discussion On September 13, 2012, the Fed has announced the launch of Quantitative Easing 3. It is a monetary pol icy used by central banks to simulate the economy. Therefore, the Fed is buying $40 billion worth mortgage-backed securities every month until at least mid-2015. The reason is simply because lower interest rates help stimulate the economy and make loans to buy securities on margin cheaper. In other words, the purpose of quantitative easing 3 is to create more jobs.Moreover, we as investors experience that it has an immediate effects on the stock market. Investors in search of yield will have more reason to buy equities and to lend money to companies. Therefore, during September stock market indexes such as Dow Jones Industrial and S&P500 reacted positively by giving a rise in the index. However, my portfolio reaction at that time was not similar to these indexes because during September I have not made a substantial amount of trades except buying corporate bonds and short selling on stocks.As a reason for that, my portfolio returns were poorly comparing to the stock market indexes. On the other hand, I was mainly investing on Apple stocks (AAPL) throughout this 7 week period and after the announcement of the new i-phone 5 on September 12, 2012 along with the quantitative easing 3 announcement, apple was outer performing the stock market indexes. At that time, I had number of Apple shares and the price was increasing due to the positive announcements. Moreover, Apple stock hit all time high which was $702. 10 per share during September.Nonetheless, after few weeks later, I have sold all my Apple stocks because there were some minor defects on the i-phone 5 and the announcement of the new mini i-pad did not show any positive effect on the share price of Apple. I was very up to date on the Apple news because, I have invested substantial amount of money on Apple stock. Furthermore, based on the negative news after i-phone 5, I have sold all of my Apple securities because I predicted the Apple stock is going to go down after these rough news’s. Hence, it wor ked as I have planned and the current Apple stock is roughly $580 which went down by $120 from the all-time high price.Furthermore, as you can see it from the graph of the portfolio, I have a boost in my return on October 22, 2012 and major drop in my return on October 26, 2012. It is because I bought Apple call option and during that time the price was rising, so I had positive returns. The reason why it dropped significantly is because I did not sell my call options before the expiration date. IV. Commentary As a beginner investor, trading on stock market was pretty intimidating and daunting task. It was important for me to learn in a safe, insightful way to avoid unnecessary losses.By far, Stock-Trak was investing internet site that has various types of features and tools. Stock-Trak trading is conducted in much the same way as you would trade through your own brokerage account with a broker that supports trading on the Internet. With the Stock-Trak Portfolio Trading Simulation y ou gain valuable experience trading securities at actual market prices. During the seven week trading period, I have learned that there are various types of investments choices including options, money market mutual funds, commodities, bonds and so forth.Moreover, diversifying portfolio is very crucial to success on trading. It is a way of protecting your assets by reducing or eliminating risk in your portfolio. Constantly evaluating your stocks to assess their risk is important to your overall success. In additional, this graph will show the relationship of our return with the market return: V. Appendices A. End of Day Portfolio values B. Requirement return: Requirement| Position Type| Security Info*| Transaction Dates**| 1| Corporate Bond| Long| UNITED AIRLINES INC – B-UAL-12. 000-01120213| 9/27/2012-10/26/2012| 2| Common Stock | Short| FACEBOOK INC. FB| 9/14/2012-10/11/2012 | 3| Treasury Bond| Long| T-BOND 10. 625% – B-T-10. 625-15082015| 9/28/2012-10/26/2012| 4| Mo ney Market Fund| Long| iShares Dow Jones U. S. Total Market Index FundIVY| 10/5/2012-10/26/2012| 5| Domestic Index Mutual Fund| Long| JPMORGAN VALUE ADV (A) JVAAX| 10/5/2012-10/26/2012| 6| ETF| Long| | | 7| Call Option | Long| Apple Inc. AAPLAAPL1226J635| 10/19/2012-10/26/2012| 8| Put Option | Long| | | 9| Index Futures| Short| S&P500 12/12SP/Z2| 10/25/2012-10/26/2012| 10| Commodity Futures| Long| USDIDX DEC 12 DX/72| 10/25/2012-10/26/2012|

ALGORITHM - MEANING

ALGORITHM MEANING In the most basic sense, an algorithm is a process- a set of detailed instruction that must be carried out in a particular order and follows logic to attain a given result. An algorithm is a well-defined procedure or set of rules guaranteed to achieve a certain objective. You use an algorithm every time you follow the directions to put together a new toy, use a recipe to make cookies, or defrost something in the microwave (personal algorithms). When the term algorithm used in math, it typically refers to a set of steps or procedures used to solve a mathematical computation. In mathematics, an algorithm is a specific series of steps that will give you the correct answer every time. For example, in grade school, you and your classmates probably learned and memorized a certain finite steps or procedures for addition, subtraction and multiplying etc. (standard algorithms). Algorithm are of two type: informal (personal) and formal (standard) algorithm. An informal algorithm is a procedure that the student him/herself figured out while a formal algorithm is a process and procedure that has been taught to them. It may or may not be similar to a conventional algorithms (formal algorithms). Examples on Informal Algorithms Examples on Formal Algorithms 1. ADD the given numbers 109 + 207 Jimmy did like this. David did like this. =100+9+200+7 109-9=100 =300+16 207-7=200 =316 200+100=300 9+7=16 300+16=316 2. Multiply the given number 25Ãâ€"13 25(20+5) x13(10+3) ————– 15 60 50 + 200 ————— 325 1. ADD the given numbers 109+207 1 109 + 207 ——– 316 ——– 2. Multiply the given number 25Ãâ€"13 1 25 x13 ———— 75 +25x ———— 325 MERITS OF INFORMAL ALGORITHMS They learn to think and use their common sense, as well as new skills and knowledge. Students who invent their own procedures: Learn that their intuitive methods are valid and that mathematics makes sense. Become more proficient with mental arithmetic. Are motivated because they understand their own methods, as opposed to learning by rote. Become skilled at representing ideas with objects, words, pictures, and symbols. Develop persistence and confidence in dealing with challenging problems. ADVANTAGES OF THE FORMAL ALGORITHMS Plunkett (1979), Thompson (1997), Usiskin (1998) and other writers offered several reasons for this. These included :  ¢ Standard algorithms are powerful in solving classes of problems, particularly where the computation involves many numbers, where memory may be overloaded.  ¢ Standard algorithms contracted, summarizing several lines of equation involving distributivity and associativity.  ¢ Standard algorithms are automatic, being able to be taught to, and carried out by, someone without having to analyze the underlying basis of the algorithm.  ¢ Standard algorithms are fast, with a direct route to the answer.  ¢ Standard algorithms provide the written record of computation, enabling teachers and students to locate any errors in the algorithm.  ¢ Standard algorithms can be instructive.  ¢ For teachers these are easy to manage and assess. DISADVANTAGES OF THE FORMAL ALGORITHMS Kamii and Dominick (1998), McIntosh (1998), and Northcote McIntosh (1999) have potential dangers that can be summarized as follows :  ¢ They do not correspond to the ways in which people tend to think about numbers.  ¢ They encourage children to give up their own thinking and creativity, leading to loss of ownership of ideas .  ¢ The traditionally-taught (standard) algorithm may no longer be the most efficient and easily learned.  ¢ They tend to lead to blind acceptance of results and over-zealous applications. Given the focus on procedures that require little thinking, children often use an standard algorithms when it is not at all necessary.  ¢ There is a high probability that the students will lose conceptual knowledge in the process of gaining procedural knowledge. There is also the use of relevance. Students use standard algorithms for only a small proportion of their calculation.

Finding Darwin's God Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finding Darwin's God - Assignment Example Miller holds the point that thought scientist might explain their understanding of the Universe in terms of the quantum physics theories; however, every theory has its influence from the supreme creator called God.   Quantum theory of physics observes the Universe as a combination of smallest or discreet parts such as atoms, nuclei, and subnuclear parts. Miller observes that these discreet particles, when combined in a random fashion, might have chances to result in unpredictable happenings in the world. In other words, the microscopic particles identified by quantum physics would combine to end up in macroscopic events; this unpredictability, Miller calls as the central property of matter. On the other hand, God, who created innumerable things in the same way as the combination of discreet particles influence the world with unpredictable events. Miller’s argument tries to build strong logical compatibility between the quantum theory, the evolution made by God, in terms of u npredictability, Miller seems to have maintained an acceptable logical statement that science and religion have unpredictable things in common. This could be understood in with the help of many events, which has happened in the course of years. If the scientists could consider the first report of Tsunami, Katherina and various tremors occurrences as unpredictable, then the same could also be argued in terms of some supernatural influence holding the earth. In this sense, Miller wins his argument.  Miller observes that creationists have the belief that natural science ends up with supernatural conclusions, but he differentiates religion and natural science clearly. There exists meaning for everything made by God and hence his creation holds his identity, so there is nothing-logical present in evolution and thus they believe that there is God argues creationists whereas evolutionists argue that there is logical reasoning for everything in the world.

Evaluate if Youngs is a good investment. In this answer you need to Essay

Evaluate if Youngs is a good investment. In this answer you need to consider any qualitative factors that might affect your recommendation - Essay Example The competitive advantage will make the company to reward its shareholders very well for decades thus making it a good investment. The good reputation has provided the company with a real opportunity to expand in the future hence a good investment. Such conditions make Youngs to have higher future financial performance hence being able to provide the highest financial rewards to the investors or shareholders. Secondly, Youngs has an increasing profitability and liquidity. The current ratio of Youngs shows an upward trend and the trend is likely to continue into the future, this indicates an increase in its ability to meet short-term obligations. On the other hand, its profitability ratios show an upward trend. The net profit ratio of the company increased in 2014 sop is return on assets. This implies an increase in the company’s efficiency. The company is therefore very profitable nd the trend is likely to continue into the unforeseeable future. Even though the company has an increasing use of debts, it has sufficient liquidity to meet its interest payments. Its cash flow in terms of interest payment is, therefore, limited hence the company is able to keep such costs to a minimum. The lower interest payments leave more cash at the disposal of the company which they can use as financial rewards to the investors in terms of dividends. In addition, the surplus cash can be reinvested into the company to generate or create value for the shareholders of the company. In either way, the investors stand to benefit. Thirdly, the company has a very simple business model. It sells high quality ladies and gents clothing. It is therefore very easy to monitor the performance of the stock of the company. The ever increasing demand for designer and fashionable clothing acts as a driver for future growth and this makes the company to be a good investment because it has a bright future in the fashion

Persuasive speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive speech - Essay Example Secondly, I will provide a simple solution to dealing with second hand smoking. Lastly, I will inform you of the action you can take to avoid being a victim of second hand smoking. A. Statement of need: Just like smoking, second hand smoking has its consequences. Second hand smoking damages the human body by destroying cells (Golden 56). It causes many harmful diseases such as lung cancer, breast cancer, heart disease, and other kind of serious illnesses and eventually death. Second hand smoking also affects people that are asthmatic. According per the Christopher Reynolds, more than twenty million smoking-related deaths have been reported in USA alone since 1964 (67). Among these deaths, 2.5 million deaths are among the non-smokers who have died as a result of second hand smoking. Moreover, during the same time, approximately 100,000 infants have died as a result of second had smoking (Reynolds 68). B. Illustration: Show a picture of Ainsley. I would love for you to meet Ainsley. As you all can see from the picture, Ainsley is lying in a hospital bed after being diagnosed with lung cancer. According to Ainsley’s doctors, his illness has been caused by inhaling too much tobacco from cigarettes. Notably, Ainsley is non-smoker and he has never smoked in his life. Ainsley works in a street that is full of smokers. After working for several years in this street and coming into contact with tobacco smoke dairy, the results are lung cancer. 1. Show a picture of Abbie. Abbie is an asthmatic child. Just the other day, Abbie was rushed to the hospital after suffering a major asthmatic attack which nearly killed her. The cause of this attack was exposure to second hand smoking in the park where she goes to play. As a result of the exposure, her asthmatic episodes have increased. 2. Show a picture of Alton. Alton, may God rest his soul, died when he was just seven months old. His mother was a smoker and she used to smoke

Relationship of Physiology and Proper Breastfeeding Research Paper

Relationship of Physiology and Proper Breastfeeding - Research Paper Example As mentioned earlier, it is important that the baby’s mouth also covers the areola; otherwise, the baby will not only fail to extract all the available milk but the breast will also be engorged due to continuous stimulation of the nipple leading to production of more prolactin and oxytocin.  As mentioned earlier, it is important that the baby’s mouth also covers the areola; otherwise, the baby will not only fail to extract all the available milk but the breast will also be engorged due to continuous stimulation of the nipple leading to production of more prolactin and oxytocin.  Benefits of Breastfeeding Infants are very vulnerable to diseases; hence, anything taken by them can put so much health risks including inadequacy of nutrients, infection, allergy and gastrointestinal disturbances. Breast milk being is naturally formulated to avoid all these risks and to render numerous benefits in the initial growing years of the child. Nonetheless, aside from these benefit s, breast milk also offers convenience as it is always at proper temperature and is always available without the need for preparation. In terms of nutrition, breast milk contains high levels of fats, lactose and Vitamin A. Fats are mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids which are readily absorbed due to the presence of bile salt stimulated lipase in breast milk. Because of the presence of this enzyme, there is no loss of fats in stools. Moreover, the predominant protein in breast milk is whey, which consists of alpha-lactoglobulins, lactoferrin and IgA.... As mentioned earlier, it is important that the baby’s mouth also covers the areola; otherwise, the baby will not only fail to extract all the available milk but the breast will also be engorged due to continuous stimulation of the nipple leading to production of more prolactin and oxytocin. Benefits of Breastfeeding Infants are very vulnerable to diseases; hence, anything taken by them can put so much health risks including inadequacy of nutrients, infection, allergy and gastrointestinal disturbances. However, breast milk being is naturally formulated to avoid all these risks and to render numerous benefits in the initial growing years of the child. Nonetheless, aside from these benefits, breast milk also offers convenience as it is always at proper temperature and is always available without the need for preparation (Kliegman et al., 2007). In terms of nutrition, breast milk contains high levels of fats, lactose and Vitamin A. Fats are mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids which are readily absorbed due to the presence of bile salt stimulated lipase in breast milk milk (Kliegman et al., 2007).. Because of the presence of this enzyme, there is no loss of fats in stools. Moreover, the predominant protein in breast milk is whey, which consists of alpha-lactaglobulin, lactoferrin and IgA. Alpha-lactoglubulin which cannot be found in formula milk reduces the frequency of allergies (Kliegman et al., 2007). Lactoferrin, also found in whey, binds to iron, increasing its absorption. This compensates for the fact that breast milk actually has lower contents of iron but then again because of this protein, its iron is more absorbed compared to other kinds of milk (Kliegman et al., 2007).

Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

1 - Assignment Example This results from the absence of causes, conditions or other necessary determinations of choice or behaviour. The definition of this term is usually negative, not affirmative. Spontaneous people do not necessarily exercise free will. Their behaviour is often seen to be prompted by proximate causes. Often, free will is translated to mean â€Å"could have done otherwise.† Determinism is the philosophical view that all events, including mental events, have a cause. In other words, all states of affairs, both physical and mental, are conditioned by their causes and are describable by scientific law. In a deterministic universe, there are no free will, no miracles and no chance events. The classic view of determinism was expressed by Laplace. Given sufficient knowledge of every particle in the universe, he believed any future event or past could be exactly calculated. I subscribe to the doctrine of Free will. This is because in business, the school of thought is that there is always something a person can do to achieve a desired result. In determinism, we cannot have sufficient knowledge of every particle but acts in part as business ventures must be calculated using the available relevant information. D. Self Service- This consists of acts that are committed for the betterment of the society. A moral person who practises true self service is promoted by his peers as an individual who should be followed There is no distinction between the general and business attributes of a moral person. Thus no distinction should exist between them as they are both in tandem, complimenting each other .Moral leadership characteristics are developed over time and influenced by upbringing, life experience, immediate social norms and training. 3. A promise is a firm agreement to perform an act, refrain from acting or make a payment or deliver. To be legally binding as a contract, a promise must be exchanged for adequate

Economics for Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics for Public Policy - Essay Example In this case, the two firms would benefit from a reduction in the advertisement. In this regard, the legal system is the legal advertisement by the two companies. The anarchy is a situation where both the two firms fail to take part in advertisement. This situation would be beneficial for both the two firms. On the other hand, if Firm B fails to advertise where as Firm A advertise, the advertisement would significantly benefit Firm A. However, the maximum level of advertisement by a single firm is depended on the degree of advertisement undertaken by the other firm (Axelrod, 2004). This means that there is an equal outcome whenever different companies pursue advertisement to a level below the equilibrium. This principle can be applied to different areas such as rational environments. It explains why the presidential candidates in two different parties are actually similar. Whenever the candidates are confirmed in the preliminaries, they would be created inside their camps of partisan . The electorate who are undecided would be categorised in the central political spectrum. The candidates may tend to rash to the middle group so as to appeal to the group. In this case, the assumption is that voters would select the close option thus many votes could be acquired whenever one is in the center. Part b. The benefits of welfare are an efficiency-enhancing insurance scheme, which may insure against incoming risks. Those individuals who hold the illustrations of the prisoner's dilemma believe that the game highlights morality in challenges that are faced by large groups or welfare. Similar to the game of two players, the game with many players pays the cooperating players R, and defecting players P. In welfare, when some individual defect while some cooperate the cooperating players would get an S while the defecting players will get a T. A good example is illustrated in the commons tragedy. All The members of a certain welfare prefer to graze their animals on the common s instead of maintaining the animals on his own land (Axelrod and William, 2006). The common resource will become unsuitable for grazing whenever it is used by a number above the threshold. In this case, there is a derived benefit B that each welfare member can achieve whenever he or she pays a cost C sufficiently. Above n choose C Below n choose C C C+ B C D B 0 Above n choose C Below n choose C C C+ B C D B 0 From the table, there is an assumption that cost C is negative. The dilemma in this case, is to obtain a benefit with no cost incurred. In a situation, that is ideal the benefit is always a be given reward together with the cost. The challenging situation is to incur a cost but no benefit. This means that a payoff is ordered as B>(B+C)>0>C. In this respect, whenever one chooses C he obtains C+B hence the benefits of welfare are an efficiency-enhancing insurance scheme. Response to question 2. Part a. The two categories of voters will include the rich the middle and the poor p ersons. R M P Gross income $13 $4 $3 Willingness to pay $4.5 $1.5 $0.5 . This cannot be said to be a pay off matrix since all the willingness to pay, being penalties needs to be identified as negative numbers. T= [] If we add $4 to each element we get T= ] T=] The first step involves checking for saddle points (Bendor, 2007). This is a point where the unstable and stable manifold has a dimension that fails to be a zero (Axelrod, 2007). In a matrix, it

Internal combustion engine Essay Example for Free

Internal combustion engine Essay There is a big debate about the future of the auto industry. The new big topic is electric cars. Ads emphasize how much less pollution these cars put out, but the truth is that many people do not realize the downside of these cars. For instance, did you know that average battery cost for electric cars is between $18,000 and $20,000? Also, these cars produce significant more amounts of sulfur dioxide compared to traditional internal combustion engines, and what about the factories that burn billions of tons of coal everyday to produce electricity to charge these cars? Yes, these cars do produce little carbon dioxide directly, but the main source of pollution comes indirectly from the power plants that power these cars. Electric cars are not the best environmental solution in the long run because they still cause pollution while charging and producing them, there is no safe place to dispose of the batteries, and they are extremely expensive (Hogan). The first major issue with electric cars is that the process of manufacturing and charging these cars produces billions of tons of carbon dioxide emissions. The EPA’s research shows that for an average size car, electricity’s emissions are about three times higher than the emissions of gasoline (Inside Climate Staff). Electric cars do not produce much pollution directly. Instead the pollution is rather created at the source of the energy, power plants. Pollution is caused when manufacturing and producing these cars too. In addition, large amounts of pollution are produced while mining for the metals found in the new types of batteries. All of the mining machines and vehicles are powered from fossil fuels such as coal, gasoline, and diesel fuels. A great amount of energy is lost in the process of transmitting the electricity from the power source to your car. Also, electric cars emit significantly higher amounts of sulfur dioxide into the air compared to internal-combustion engines. Sulfur dioxide is the main component that causes acid rain. Acid rain can cause damage to lakes, streams, forests, car paints, copper, stone, and other building materials. Acid rain soaks into the soil and roots of plants, and causes slowed growth, and loss of leaves or needles. In the Great Smoky Mountains, acid rain has actually killed one-hundred or more of the Frazier Fir and Red Spruce trees (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency). Furthermore, in the Northeastern United States. , such as in the Kesterson Reservoir in the San Joaquin Valley, acid rain caused hundreds of fish populations to vanish from lakes (Davis). Acid rain can contaminate our own drinking water without us even knowing it; it tastes, and looks like regular water! When sulfur dioxide is inhaled, it can cause damage to your heart and lungs, causing disorders such as bronchitis and asthma (National Parks Service). Additionally, battery disposal is a key issue. The average life of this new type of batteries is twenty-five to thirty thousand miles before they will have to be replaced. If electric cars are going to be a thing of the future, there will become an excess of batteries in landfills and other disposal sites. Presently, landfills are not designed to handle the millions of batteries that would need to be disposed of if millions of people were driving electric cars. If these batteries are not properly disposed of, toxic chemicals could leak into the environment. Also, recycling these lithium-ion batteries doesn’t appear to be in the future anywhere soon. The cost of collecting, organizing, and shipping these metals to a recycler far outweighs the value of the scrapped material, so for the time being, most of these metals will be thrown away in landfills and junkyards (Mitchell). Another obstacle with these materials being tossed in landfills is the possibility of corrosive chemicals leaking into streams, rivers, and lakes. The process of refining metals for these batteries also releases pollutants into the environment. Once the refiner gets what metal they need from the ore, they discard the other materials into the nearby ecosystems. When this happens, our drinking water could be contaminated, and it could also damage, or kill the wildlife in that area (Bacher). Lastly, these cars are extremely expensive. Because the batteries only last for about a hundred miles, this means you would have to charge them about three times for every full tank of gas that you would normally buy. Also, with this low charge capacity, it would be virtually impossible to take long trips. You would have to stop frequently to charge the battery, which takes about nine hours to completely charge. This would turn a normal two-hundred mile, four hour drive into at least a thirteen hour trip, assuming that you could find an open charging station! Another reason that these cars are so expensive is that you have to replace the battery in your car about every twenty-five to thirty thousand miles. This is a very costly expense, especially since each new battery is about eighteen to twenty thousand dollars! This is $80,000 for batteries alone if you drive 100,000 miles in your car! The price of charging an electric car is less than what a full tank of gas would cost you, but you end up paying for it in the long run when you have to replace the battery. Electric cars are expensive from the start. The average retail price of most electric cars is in the thirty to forty thousand dollar range. Most middle class individuals cannot afford to pay this price for this new technology, which is why this will not be the best economical solution in the long run. These cost projections assume that both the car and the battery work correctly for the duration of their lives, but what if the battery breaks, or stops working, forcing you to replace it? The technology is new and underdeveloped, which means that there might still be some problems or â€Å"bugs† that the designers haven’t had a chance to fix. That’s $20,000 right there that you would have to pay in addition to the purchase price. That’s close to half of what you originally paid for the car! Since these cars are less, there are fewer mechanics that are qualified to work or operate on them, so the price of operation will be very high. Electric cars were released around 2010, which means there hasn’t even been enough time for a mechanic to get a four-year degree in operating on electric cars (Hogan). The problem with automobile pollution definitely needs to be addressed and solved, but fully-electric cars are not the best solution. They are made out to be better than they actually are, and they definitely have major disadvantages. First of all, they will have to become a lot cheaper for people to be able to afford them. The general public cannot afford to pay $20,000 for a new battery every 30,000 miles. Designers also need to find a way to lengthen the range of these cars. With only a 100 mile range, it is just not practical for most people. In addition, these cars still produce pollution, just not directly. All of the pollution is created indirectly, at coal-burning electricity power plants. Another unaddressed issue is that these cars emit large amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere, which is what combines with water to become acid rain. Lastly, there is no good place to dispose of batteries. If millions of people are going to be driving these cars, there will be tons of toxic batteries in landfills and disposal sites, which can cause harm to the wildlife, and the surrounding environment. If you accidentally miscalculate the charge left in your car, you will be stuck. Unlike a gas-powered vehicle, you cannot simply fill up your car with a gas can. With electric cars, there is no way to replenish the energy in your car on the side of the road. The fully-electric car was a good idea, but in the long run, it is not the best answer. The automobile companies need to continue to improve internal combustion engines to decrease their carbon dioxide emissions. Works Cited Cultrona, R. L. Pros and Cons of Electric Cars. 1999-2012. 18 March 2012. . Davis, Jay. Marine Bio. 1998-2012. 18 March 2012. . Hogan, Micheal C. The Encyclopedia of Earth. 21 February 2012. 18 March 2012. . Mitchell, Robert L. Computer World. 22 August 2006. 18 March 2012. . National Parks Service. 28 October 2010. 18 March 2012 . Staff, Solve Climate. Inside Climate News. 1 April 2010. 18 March 2012. . U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 8 June 2007. 18 March 2012. .

Physical Observed Assessment Analysis

Physical Observed Assessment Analysis COMMUNICATION Any form of interaction is done through communication as a skill. To human interaction it is pivotal. Communication is a process which enables people to relate with those around them and to make concerns and needs know very well indeed. Communication can be verbal and non- verbal.Peate (2005) states that non- verbal communication reinforces a verbally communicated message. Building an important sustaining relationships with a patient, eye contact, smiling, touching, head nodding and leaning forward all these are recommended and have been seen as more helpful in communicating with patients on non-verbal communication. These are the signs and symbols we use, they have powerful impact in interpreting and sharing the meanings of messages. Non-judgemental interactions are focused on therapeutic communication, helps settle emotional conflicts and supports heart to heart talks allowing a patient to feel safe and free to share their true feelings, fears, values, hopes and ideas. This can result in healing benefits. According to Crawford et al (2006), communication is central and powerful, it helps not damage a patient’s life. Other important attributes of communication are listening and acknowledgeing.These are also essential because they raise the self –esteem of patients, thereby paving way for a therapeutic relationship. All details that could identify any person, clinical placement or trust have been changed to protect confidentiality, in line with The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct, Performance and Ethics (2008) the name used will be Mr. Smith. This assignment is going to be discussed about a physical observed assessment which was observed during practice at placement. Mr. Smith came in with different medical history problems. The reason why he was admitted in hospital is because he had eye condition two months ago. On assessment, Mr. Smith was coughing, wheezy and dyspnoeic with shallow breathing accompanied by the use of accessory muscles. His hands were clammy. Mr. Smith said that he did not want to be in hospital, was tough and appeared very anxious during assessment. Touch was the Communication tools which was used to assess him during the period he was admitted in the ward. He could not see the nurse when she was talking to him because of his vision lost. Mr. Smith suffers with an eye condition. This is a condition somewhere the optic nerve is injured next to the idea of where it will opt out. With this kind of condition that Mr. Smith has, when trying to communicate with Mr. Smith you must attempt to be at the similar eye level as him, continually examine to find if he is able to comprehend you or not.so that you will be able to achieve Mr. Smith’s courtesy and to keep his attention during the discussion, the use of touch is vital. Establishing the health care needs, when a patient is admitted an assessment has to be done. Assessment is one of the greatest vital jobs any qualified workers can agree to. If it is done systematically by using the range of skills that is required, it can show to be most actual and authorising knowledge for everybody anxious. But it requires to be completed appropriately and to the best of your capability. Before arriving at any decision MDT has work and achieve their set of goals effectively, communication has to take place at all levels across the various discipline.NMC (2008) specifies that nurses should make patients their first concern and treat them with compassion maintaining the individual aspects, NMC (2011) sees communication as an important skill that complements the proficiencies that nurses are required to accomplish. Mr. Smith’s nurse has made a plan. A plan was a session which lasts 30minutes and allowed me to observe my mentor what she has been doing with Mr. Smith. When someone is sensitive to touch, they are many signs that will indicate. Facial expression, a bite reflex or grinding teeth are most visible when touching someone. The procedure which was used by the nurse reduced the relieves reaction. She started by touching Mr. Smith’s hands then slowly moving them up his arms final on his shoulders, she clarified this was beneficial to the patient, slowly developed the use of being touched. She then engaged both hands on the side of Mr. Smith’s face slightly and started with the movements. The reason she did this was because she wanted to warm up Mr. Smith’s face muscles. The nurse now provided Mr. Smith some facial languages to attempt and transport out such as sulking, pleasure, irritation, surprise and grief. Furthermore make sure they are agreed out correctly with sufficient of time, as if they are hurried they will not be achieved correctly. (Timby 2005) indicated that touch is the best potent non-verbal message techinique.It is a caring and calming hint shows the patients that the nurse helps. Remain confident to practice touch in this technique only if there is non –violent to patients. However( Holey and Matthews 2013) stated that touch is a cultural ,some patients prefer that you not touch them except for treatment purpose, Many feel that touch is a medical setting signals that something disagreeable is about to happen. If you feel the patient is friendly, offer a comforting touch when nothing offensive or painful is planned. ( Kowalski 2008) suggest that before touch as a means of giving concern and compassion, defined by seeing the client whether your touch is wanted without consent agreed touching implies a certain understanding and creates power to the one who is touching over the one who is touched. There are many plans needs to be considered when communicating with a lost vision clients (Mr. Smith). It is vital to make face to face with Mr. Smith when communicating with him, if required, bow or be seated down so you remain on level where he can see you eye to eye and he can also hear your voice. (Timby ,2005) stated that eye to eye communication means eyeing straight into the eye of the other person .Absence of eye interaction has a number of meanings among cultures. Do not speak to him when you are not standing in front of him where cannot see or hear you clearly or do not go missing while cooperating. With Mr. Smith’s condition you have to speak with a tone voice since he has a vision condition. There signs that can encourage Mr. Smith toward communicate such as touching overall comments and using his title before introduction into general discussions can help Mr. Smith to feel more relaxed to be involved in a discussion. To keep a flowing discussion the healthcare professional are required to use inquiries, encouragements and investigations as required (Stretch, 2006). During clinical placement mentor investigated the patient, Mr. Smith assisting him by giving him a cup of tea, the nurse asked him if he would like a cup of tea.’Mr. Smith frustrated to say coffee, vocal, keeping a flowing discussion and prompts and inquiries. The point to which we trust on non- vocal signs for example; face appearance, body actions, or sign, to maintain our verbal production is not regularly fully familiar. The patient who is very unpleasant, or in discomfort might discover these nonverbal signs difficult to produce. The nurse’s duty is to attempt to talk this with Mr. Smith and his family to look at likely choices for avoiding this possible failure in communication. Where verbal communication is condensed through someone who cannot talk very well or intellectual changes, the non-verbal position can deliver a different and actual main approach of both meaning receiving and giving. There are changed channels in which personal communication can be conserved. Maintaining social communication, this benefits to maintain Mr. Smith’s self-esteem. Always try to save speaking, Mr. Smith might discover some of the non-verbal movements helpful and many are understood. Use touch carefully, it is clear that Mr. Smith relaxes at comfort as soon as touch is complex even if it a finger on his shoulders. Inspire efforts to communicate and deliver other types of encouragement with Mr. Smith, touch feeling, face to face languages, body posture, space and equal amongst vulnerable and nurse Barriers such as term practice, phrases, images and knowledge styles have an effect. Semantic obstacles perform a massive part in the program of message from the nurses to the clients or the added method round. Arguments may have a unlike significance even communicating in not in different languages. Therefore while trying to communicate with Mr. Smith these features must be extremely measured earlier, for example no judge mental. Thompson (2003) stated that a barrier gesture is any action, behavior or physical arrangement that discourages the other person from feeling comfortable, thereby reducing their ability to communicate positively and effectively. However Trevithick (2005) suggests that one of the skills which occasionally works to help unlock someone’s barrier gestures is called a mirroring.Mr.Smith use to sit up in bed with his arms locked, if his vision was good mirroring would have been an good idea to him. For example if they are sitting with arms firmly crossed, you do the same for a while that is if their vision is clear, but this would be a disadvantage to him because the vision condition he has. However, the vision is not clear enough you have to talk to them, slowly they begin to unfold your arms, and you may find that they copy your actions and begin visibly to relax especially to those who can see you. It is worth an occasional try, but it needs to be done marginally, and there is no promise that it works. However active listening can be used as well. Docherty and McCallum (2009) states that ‘Active listening’ ensures that everything that a person is trying to say is fully received and understood by the listeners. This will include trying to comprehend not just what the person is saying with their chosen words, but what some of their underlying thoughts and feelings are that may be taken as much by what they do not say and by their body language, as by the words they use. Trevithick (2005) suggest that ‘Active listening’ is often used by helping professionals to highlight the significance of the movement. Furthermore Crawford et al (2006) states that sometimes patients just need you to be there, quiet and listening and this can also be achieved using the acronym SOLER.Consequently, a good listener will always pay attention to non-verbal cues too and this encourages the patients to open up giving more information and expressing their concerns. From this it can be deducted that respect is given to a patient’s contribution best when they are listened too. Active listening has several layers to it, it is only hearing the words which are being spoken by people. It is easier than done, which is why such an importance is laid upon it as a core communication skill. The listening skills we need will vary according to the setting of the tasks. For an example, if you are a nurse you may need to produce vital information about a patient’s symptoms in order to reach a correct opinion. This example illustrate the complication of the listing task. The common subject, however, the type of question that can be used in active listening. There are grouped together into two categories which is Open questions and closed questions.Open questions are used when you want to help someone to ‘open up’ about themselves, or to give you some insights into how they feeling or to explore a situation in more depth. When Mr. Smith has been assessed by the nurse on the time he came in hospital. She asked him with her manner voice and she was speaking slowly in order for the patient to hear her well and clearly. Her tone voice overwhelmed Mr. Smith and he then explained his situation to the nurse more deeply, so this helped the nurse to get more information from her patient because he was talking about the topic to the nurse. Open questions do not allow a straightforward ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response, but it will invite the patients to talk about the topic like what Mr. Smith did to my mentor. Not everyone will feel able to open up’ easily and share their deep thoughts and feelings. Some people needs to go step by step and to be led by interviewer until they gain confidence to go deeper. This is why closed questions also have an important role to play. Closed questions invite a straightforward ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer, they are necessary in gathering factual information in as straightforward a way as possible. This questions can give a message to the interviewee that you are in charge, know what you are doing and where you are going, and that they can put their confidence in you. In this case it is not that open questions are good and closed questions are bad, it is a gross magnification. Each of these two has it ‘s own part to play in a well-balanced effective interview, and it is up to you to judge which will be most suitable and real as the interview explains. Conclusion However, communication is certainly a principle commanding for the real caring. Performance and communication of caring and capability at this time have a main effect on the ability of patients and relations to adjust the update, reflect choices, and adjust to anything deceptions forward. If the update is depressed the right touch, appearance, and compassionate kind terms constantly displays a change. The main ideas that have been debated in this assignment are that of the significance of communicating in nursing and how nurses can progress their communication skills and keep their competence. We must deliver complete care for our patients and the objective is to listen to the person and offer them with concerned understanding. REFERENCES Lee Thayer, (2011). COMMUNICATION A Pocket Oracle for Leaders. 1st ed. Xlibris Corporation: e.g. Houghton Mifflin. Nursing and midwifery council.(2011).guidance on professional conduct for nursing and midwifery students. Retrieved from http://www.nmc-uk.org Timby, B. K. (2005). Fundamental nursing skills and concepts. (9th ed). London, United Kingdom: Williams Wilkins

Biodiversity and Land Quality Essay -- Infrastructure Biodiversity Ess

Biodiversity and Land Quality Human society's progression through time has resulted in many environment-altering effects, particularly those brought about by industrialization and rapid population growth. The combination of increased numbers of humans and improved technology has created the need for better management of resources and transportation across the globe. This need has produced great leaps in infrastructure, such as roads and dams. However, the introduction of this infrastructure into the natural world has adversely affected the environment. Biodiversity is often drastically altered, resulting in changes in breeding and predation patterns which, in turn, lead to species extinction and degradation of soil and vegetation. The complex intertwining of many facets of the environment create the potential for humans to have tremendous impact upon the world in which they live, and the effects of infrastructure upon biodiversity and land quality have a far-reaching influence on the environment that calls for cr itical evaluation. As global population increases, a more economically efficient use of resources is necessary to sustain demand for fuel, food, and water. Cities, and the huge populations that they contain, "are parasitic on the surrounding landscape," requiring large amounts of resources to be imported into them (Southwick 169). Thus, more reliance is being placed upon technological innovations and industrialization in order to efficiently support the world's growing numbers, and concentrations, of humans. As a result, infrastructure, particularly dams and roads, are becoming prominent features of the modern landscape. Natural ecosystems are often adversely affected by the environmental modification infrastructure ... ...if industrial activities are not kept at bay. Works Cited: Balmford, Andrew, Georgina M. Mace, and Joshua R. Ginsberg. "The challenges to conservation in a changing world: putting processes on the map," in Conservation in a Changing World, ed. Mace, Balmford, and Ginsberg. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. GLOBIO. www.globio.info. UNEP 2001. Myers, Norman. "The Rich Diversity of Biodiversity Issues," in Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, ed. Reaka-Kudla, Wilson, and Wilson. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1997. Southwick, Charles. Global Ecology in Human Perspective. Oxford Univ. Press, 1996. Steadman, David W. "Human-Caused Extinction of Birds," in Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources, ed. Reaka-Kudla, Wilson, and Wilson. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 1997.

1880-1890 :: Essays Papers

1880-1890 The decade from 1880-1890 was an interesting time for America, giving rise to great advancement in architecture, inventions and businesses. For instance, such now famous companies as Sears Roebuck Company, DeBeers and Johnson & Johnson opened in this time (Timeline). Also, the Brooklyn Bridge, the largest suspension bridge in the world was set up in 1883 (Museum). This decade saw another milestone for architecture, the skyscraper. The first skyscraper, built in Chicago out of an all-iron frame, was completed in 1885. Some famous inventions included gasoline engines, the Kodak camera and electric lamps (Timeline). Another first was free mail. Towards the end of this decade, free mail was being delivered to all community populations of at least 10,000 (Timeline). Clara Barton, a major humanitarian, was the leader behind the establishment of the American Red Cross during this time (Timeline). In 1886, Americans got their first good look at the Statue of Liberty with its opening dedication in the New York Harbor (Hurley). On a National scale this decade saw various events being played out across the world. For instance in Germany advancements were being made in science and social reform. An example of this would be, Pasteur’s first use of the vaccination principal and the Germany’s establishment of the first known health insurance (Goff). The French in the 1880’s were developing new techniques in architecture and waging wars. That is, towards the end of this decade the Eiffel Tower was just being completed and the French were waging a war with the Chinese (Sino-Chinese War) over trading rights (History). The British were busy responding to anti-foreign riots in Egypt, eventually leading to their invasion and capturing of Cairo (History). Neighboring Belgium was concerned with more peaceful, recreational matters, such as their hosting of the first beauty contest in 1888 (Time). In the 1880’s the movement known as Impressionism was coming to an end. The eight and last Impressionist exhibition was held in Paris during 1886 (Time). Although Impressionism was coming to an end new forms of art arose to take its place. Some famous artists producing during this time include, Van Gogh, Georges Seurat, and Odilon Redon (Georges). Odilon Redon started his own movement known as Symbolism, which strives to give form to ideas and emotions (Odilon). Another painter responsible for creating a new style is Georges Seurat. Seurat was a French painter who popularized and developed his own style called pointillism.

Addicted to Coffee? Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Addicted to Coffee? As a sophomore in college, I know how important it is to get that first cup of coffee in the morning. That first cup of coffee, second cup, and third cup seem vital to the well-being of Bryn Mawr students all over campus. They help us to stay awake through our classes, hours of study, and even time spent socializing. But is caffeine really addictive? Ask any Bryn Mawr student, and chances are that she will answer with an emphatic "Yes!" Ask any scientist or doctor the same question and the answer is likely to be just as emphatic, but what that answer will be is much less predictable. It is universally recognized that caffeine is a stimulant, a substance that causes the body to act differently from the ways that it would naturally act by inducing "fight or flight" reactions which cause the body to act in emergencies (1). However, it is still debated as to whether or not this stimulate is addictive. When deciding whether a substance is addictive, most professionals who make diagnoses in the United States and in many other countries will turn to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, better know as the DMS-IV. This manual is published by the American Psychiatric Association and lists, among other things, the symptoms of all mental health disorders. According to the DMS-IV, the symptoms of substance dependence (in other words, substance addiction) are substance abuse, continuation of use despite related problems, increase in tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms (2). The debate lies largely in the interpretation of these symptoms. What exactly constitutes a withdrawal symptom? Can having a headache for a few days even compare to the horrors experienced by heroine addict... ...ww.umd.edu/news/?Diamondback/archives/2002/12/03/news3.html 6)ScienceDaily News Release: Debate Brews over Caffeine Addiction – Study Also Confirms Caffeine Improves Alertness And Energy, on ScienceDaily, an online magazine. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/03/990322061015.htm 7)nucleus accumbens, a short description of the nucleus accumbens on the Department of Integrated Science and Technology section of the James Madison University website. http://www.isat.jmu.edu/users/klevicca/neuroconn/The_Brain/Brain_Function/Limbic_System/nucleusaccumbens.html 8)Caffeine Myths and Facts, on koffeekorner.com, a coffee appreciation website http://www.koffeekorner.com/health7.htm 9)Sleepy at work? How you can stay awake, tips for staying awake at work on MayoClinic.com. http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?objectid=91CC6E35-BD09-4A6B-BA577A3BED23885C

Environmental Pollution by Cars Essay

Environmental issues have become a major concern in recent years. With global warming and climate change topping the agenda of many environmental groups and NGOs, it is hard for government as well as the general public to ignore the fact that our planet is changing rapidly. As a result of mass-scale industrialization and a rapid shift in lifestyles over the past century, the resources of our planet have been stretched to the limit. This situation will not only lead to a shortage of certain precious resources, including fresh water and food, in the years to come but will lead to a considerable rise in pollution. Carbon emissions produced by automobiles, airplanes and industrial equipment are the primary source of pollution world over. However, it is the consumption of energy by households and automobiles that make the major contribution towards the world’s carbon footprint (Cast 24). With United States being the largest economy and the most developed nation, it is no surprise that we are the largest polluters on earth. It is therefore imperative for us to lead by example and take some action in order to reduce our contribution towards global pollution. This essay will discuss whether it is possible to reduce fuel consumption by cars and if there are any alternative sources of energy for cars. (Cast 35) Fuel Consumption by Cars: As mentioned earlier, automobiles are one of the largest fuel consumers and therefore are a major contributor towards pollution. For this particular reason, environmental groups and even governments in some countries have been encouraging people to minimize the use of private transport and use other alternatives such as public transport, cycling, telecommuting etc (Cast 39). It should however be noted that not all alternatives to private transportation suit the needs of individuals and therefore it is very likely people will continue to use private transportation. A more practical approach towards the reduction of fuel consumption therefore will be to switch to relatively environmentally friendly sources of energy (Cast 39). The electric car has long been presented as a true alternative to the vehicles that use an internal combustion engine. It utilizes chemical energy stored in batteries and emits little or zero carbon. Not only are these vehicles environmentally friendly but is also fuel efficient. Proponents of electric vehicles also argue that the cost of producing electric vehicles is much lower than standard vehicles (Boschert 90). The only pitfall with electric cars is that currently there are only limited cars available in the market that can be considered purely electrical. Major automobile manufacturers have been accused of trying to block the progress on this front. It is also important to note that whatever progress has been made for the development of electric cars, there are not sophisticated enough models available in the market to meet the demands of the customers or to compete with the standard products. Until that level of sophistication is achieved, it will not be possible for the electrical car models to replace their standard counterparts. It should also be noted that to make a transition from an ICE vehicle dominated market to a zero-emission vehicle market, proper infrastructure for the supply of electrical batteries will have to be developed. (Boschert 97-102) The new breed of hybrid vehicles, introduced by some leading automobile manufacturers such as Toyota and Ford, is a rather practical solution to the problem. Not only they allow consumers to make a rather smooth transition from carbon fuel consumption to electric fuel but also offer the features and benefits offered by the standard models (Boschert 140). Hybrid electric vehicles are also more durable as compared to ICEs and are more energy efficient. Market statistics indicate that HEVs are a more favourable option as compared to pure electric vehicles. With Toyota and Honda leading the market in the HEV sector other major players are also entering this arena including Audi, Nissan, Lexus and Ford. It should however be noted that production of Hybrid vehicles is more costly and therefore they are more expensive. However, with countries introducing legislations concerning the environment and introducing subsidies for environmentally friendly vehicles, this is likely to change in the years to come. (Boschert 151) Criticism of ‘Green Cars’: Although, going green sounds to be the next big thing not only for car makers but also a number of other manufacturing organizations, there has been some level of opposition to this new wave of environmental obsession. Organizations tied to major oil revenues are one of the major opponent who argue that a radical shift to ‘greener’ cars will damage the economy and will lead to a considerable loss of jobs in certain sectors. It is also argued that electric vehicles or HEVs still have some environmental impact and are not completely emission-free as is usually argued. In addition to this, electric or hybrid cars are also more costly, hence making them an unfavourable choice for the consumer. (Boschert 211) Conclusion: The rapid change in our environment demands that we take immediate action. One of the areas that we need to address in this respect is to reduce the consumption of planet’s resources and to minimize the carbon footprint produced by us. As automobiles are one of the major producers of carbon emission, automobile manufacturers are investing considerable resources in development of environmentally friendly products.However, they still have a long way to go and a considerable level of development has to be made. Work Cited Cast, C. Vance. â€Å"Where Does Pollution Come From? † Barron’s Educational Series April, 1994. http://www. amazon. com/Where-Does-Pollution-Clever-Calvin/dp/0812015711/ref=sr_1_13? ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1207538767&sr=8-13 Boschert, Sherry. â€Å"Plug-in Hybrids: The Cars that will Recharge America†, New Society Publishers December, 2006 http://www. amazon. com/Plug-Hybrids-CarsRechargeAmerica/dp/0865715718/ref=sr_1_8_s9_rk? ie=UTF8&s=books&s9r=8a585b4317a113eb0117a8105c020138&itemPosition=8&qid=1207538919&sr=1-8

The White Pages Website in Context of an Information System

Examine the White Pages Website in context of an information system Submitted by: Ivan Tabal Submitted to: Mr. Chris Kalodikis Information Processes and Technology Year 11 Marist College Kogarah Introduction The White Pages website’s purpose, like other telephone directories, is to allow the telephone number of a subscriber identified by name and address to be found. Subscriber names are generally listed in alphabetical order, together with their postal or street address and telephone number. The general purpose of the website is to allow people to easily find others through search features, such as quick search and reverse lookups.This report will examine the purpose and its importance of the White Pages website, the information processes involved and the people who use it and also the participants who’s contributed towards its development. It will then go on to outline the appropriate data needed to run the website and also the information technology involved in order to produce the website. The final part of the report will discuss the influences made by the environment during the website’s development and the social and ethical issues raised during the website’s development. The Purpose * Who is the white pages for?The Purpose of the white pages is to provide information of peoples, name address, phone number. It also provides information on businesses, and governments organisations. It was originally designed to help people find quick information about others for travelling purposes. But today it is slowly becoming obsolete due to some ethical and social issues. * Why is it an important source of information? It was an important source of information because it contained important details about people, which could be accessed to help friends or family members easily find their location or call them.The White pages provide information on suitable shops that people would want to attend to and for different types of problems. This includes the taxation companies, it companies The Information Processes Involved * How is the data collected? Data is collected through a number of ways into the white pages. Each year it must print out white pages about businesses and residence. It can collect its information by people who have provided them with information about either residential or Business or The white pages reuses information from older contacts that have been given before. * How is data organized?Data is organized into three categories: 1st Category is the residential. It contains addresses and phone numbers of people who have registered in the white page and provide their information to be easily found. 2nd Category is for Businesses, which use the website to mostly advertise to the public which can hopefully give them an edge over other businesses. But today businesses mostly use the internet to advertise and the TV or billboards. 3rd Category is the Government category which shows laws in the states, educ ation, provides information on immigration, health and other social factors that can affect a person.But the information is very limited and contains nothing for most of the links clicked except education. The data is then sub organised into different section, e. g. for Businesses it provides different categories for IT, Taxation, Health, Banking, Beauty and etc. This is made to easily locate the business which the consumer is looking for. * How is the data analysed? The data from the people of businesses or of residents is firstly stored on the website as data. It is then transformed according to what information it contains into 3 categories. Data is searched, selected and sorted.We as users of the website are able to Search and Select the data which is provided through the white pages. But before we are able to do this it must be entered and classified by the Analysts and People working in White Pages * How is the data stored? Data can be stored in different ways on the White Pag es. Most likely on Rational Database which is stored and kept on a server. This allows for the White pages website to keep the information in one particular spot without moving the hardware. The data is retrieved by people by first clicking on the object we want to see.The request then goes to the hardware server and the request is searched and goes back to the user with the information so he can see. * How is the data processed? Data is processed through a number of ways. Existing records of the white pages are renewed each year. They are asked about any changed that have occurred to see if the company has changed or close down and then update the white pages. The same process is done with residents, and updated, but if the residents do not want their information held in the white pages they can take it down. * How is the data transmitted?The data is transmitted through the internet to users. From the White pages server through the internet of the person’s computer and then displays the requested information to the person. * How is the data displayed? It can be displayed through a number of ways which can include Screens and Printers. Screens – Displays the text and information through a screen of a computer. Printer – Displays the text in a book which can be written and printed. The Participants Involved When the white pages were created, they were created by a company which collected information about people.Workers of the white pages may have included system analysts, printer, directors, overseers, editors and people who collected the information from customers either by going from door to door or registering them in the local post office. People who used the white pages were every day citizens. They needed the white pages before to find each other when needed. Now the citizens of the new generation are stopping to use the white pages even though by law they must be printed. The Appropriate Data * Residents who register into the white pages can provide: * Their first and last name Suburb * Address * Phone number * Businesses who register can provide: * Their name * Owners name * Phone number * Suburb they are located * Brief description about them * Government who register have to provide * Name of Business of Government * Phone * Address The Methods of Information Technology Required * Hardware involved in producing the White Pages Website * Internet-ready PC * Domain * Fibre optics (wired internet) * Software required to produce the White Pages Website * HTTPD e. g. Apache * Internet * Computer methods required to output information Audio; speakers, headphones, earphones, headsets, microphones * Hardcopy; printing, photocopying * Internet services The Influences Made Towards the Environment During the Website’s Development Like many other telephone directory companies, running phone books on websites has made positive impacts towards the reduction of cutting down trees and also the disposal of phone book s in landfills which is a major contributor towards pollution. A survey shows that almost 75% costumers are completely unaware of the environmental and financial impact in printing, delivering and recycling these books.Online access to white pages, yellow pages etc. is becoming more and more popular and a much better choice as it is easier to find others whilst also making positive contributions to the reduction of phone book wastes. It is also cheaper and easier to run for companies due to the ease of access and flexibility it provides for their employees, whereas phone book publishers go through a series of process in order to make and deliver their phone books, every year. As for the website, it only requires minimal effort to keep it running, at a lower cost and in a less tedious manner.The THREE Social and THREE Ethical Issues Raised in the Development of the Website Social and ethical issues associated with: 1. Planning, design and implementation * Machine-centred systems simp lify what computers do at the expense of participants * Human-centred systems as those that make participants’ work as effective and satisfying as possible * How the relationships between participants change as a result of the new system * Ensuring the new system provides participants with a safe work environment * Awareness of the impact the system may have on the participants: * Opportunities to use their skills Meaningful work * Need for change * Opportunities for involvement and commitment 2. Information systems and database * Acknowledgment of data sources * The freedom of information act * Privacy principles * Accuracy of data and the reliability of data sources * Access to data, ownership and control of data * New trends in the organisation, processing, storage and retrieval of data such as data warehousing and data-mining 3. Communication systems * The use of communication systems to share knowledge, not just data * Issues related to messaging systems Ideas delivered by this means appear less forceful and caring than ideas delivered personally * Danger of being misinterpreted * Power relationships * Privacy and confidentiality * Electronic junk mail * Information overload * Implications of Internet trading including: * Local taxation laws * Employment ramifications * Nature of business * Trading over the Internet and its commercial implications * The difficulties of censoring content on the Internet * Issues arising from Internet banking, including: Security of banking details * Changing nature of work * Branch closure and job loss * The removal of physical boundaries by enabling: * Work from home * Virtual organisations, ie organisations structured around the communication system * Removal of national and international barriers to trade * How participants are supported: * Individuals by providing a means for communication * Participant teams by enabling the exchange of ideas and data * The emerging trend of accessing media such as radio and vid eo across the Internet

Hart and Positivism Essay

According to Hart law consists of primary and secondary rules. The primary rules are the rules that are â€Å"rules of obligation.† (Hart. Pg 204) This means that primary rules are rules that obligate a person to do something or to not do something. For example, the first Amendment, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceable to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.† (http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html#Am1) The first Amendment is an example of a primary rule because it directly affects the people of the United States of America by allowing them to have the freedom of religion, press and expression. This is an example of obligating a person not to do something, which means that the person is not obligated to have any other religion other than their own, for example. The second part of law is the secondary rules. Secondary rules only affect primary rules. This means that a secondary rule can help clarify, alter, eliminate, bring into effect, verify or determine whether a primary rule has been broken. For example the only reason we have the first amendment of the United States Constitution is because of Article 5 of the U.S. Constitution which states, The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. (http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_A5.html) Article 5 of the constitution is a perfect example of a secondary rule (in this case a â€Å"rule of change†) because it allows one to see exactly how a secondary rule affects a primary rule. With Article 5 of the Constitution, the United States is capable of applying amendments to the constitution (or otherwise known â€Å"the Law of the Land†) of the United States. Article 5 of the constitution is an example of a secondary rule classified as a â€Å"rule of change† as stated by Hart. A â€Å"rule of change† allows an office or officials to be able to implement new primary rules so as to be able to adapt to the changing of times and the constant creation of new situations. The â€Å"rule of change† simply allows the system to be able to adapt to their society and not allow the primary rules to go static. To become a law there are two parts that need to happen, according to Hart. First there needs to be the initiation of a primary rule statute by a delegated official or office in power. Once the primary rule is made a secondary rule, the rule of recognition, is enacted. The rule of recognition simply allows private persons and officials the ability to be able to identify the primary rules of obligation. This secondary rule conclusively identifies the primary rules of obligation so as not to be confused as to what are the obligations the primary rule bestows. To have primary rules of obligation and secondary rules of recognition, there needs to be an office or official to be able to adjudicate these rules. To be able to adjudicate these rules there would need to be an additional secondary rule of adjudication. This would allow a judge to be able to determine whether or not the primary rule has been broken. Within the rule of adjudication there would also be rules on the roles of the judge as well as identifying who are to be the judges. With the rule of adjudication there is no question of whether or not a law has been broken and this solidifies the primary rule of obligation. With the ideas of Hart this shows that laws and morality can be separable, but they are not necessarily separated. It is possible to have a separation between low and morality by having some sort of primary rule that would state â€Å"no one rule will introduce the morals or characters of others into the legal system.† It is also possible though for an official delegate to implement a primary rule into the legal system and have it backed by a secondary rule of recognition. Having the secondary rule of recognition would potentially make the morality based primary law a valid legal law. In Hart’s idea morality and law are â€Å"separable†, in the meaning that they are capable of being separated, but they are in no way impossible to be able to be combined in law. Without there being a way to identify morality and making it a subordinate to statute, there can’t be a definite separation with Harts theory. Work Cited 1. Reading in the Philosophy of Law (pg 202-207) 2. www.usconstitution.net (1st Amendment, Article 5 of the Constitution)

The Evolution of Developmental Psychology

The Evolution of Developmental Psychology Jennifer Haag Walden’s University Lifespan Development September 9, 2012 Over the course of history, many scholars and researchers have discovered the evolution of developmental psychology. However, there are certain people throughout the course of history who have made more significant process in shedding light on developmental psychology as it is known today. The three best known theorists that helped people understand, or at least consider psychology, were Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget.These three men were able to develop and test theories that formed the modern idea of psychology. Without the vital research and theories, one might never have understood the inner workings of the mind and how nurturance, nature, and other factors affect a personality over time. Using research methods such as observation, correlational design, and several other methods, researchers are able to put together a bigger picture of developmen tal psychology. With research comes responsibility; a responsibility to protect the rights of those who are researched.Therefore, there is an ethics policy designed by the federal government that researchers are not supposed to violate. Psychology is an ever evolving unit and is something that will always change as life goes on. Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget are some of the best known psychological researchers ever known. Freud contributed several theories and had many followers of his teachings. One of his theories is the psychosexual theory. This theory emphasizes how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years are crucial for healthy personality development (Berk, 2010).Even though the theory may be somewhat controversial, it is one that contributes to the evolutional development theory by suggesting that something that happens in childhood helps to form the adult. Erikson believed that there were significant psychologica l changes with each stage. His psychosocial theory emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands; the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills at each stage that make the individual an active, contributing member of society (Berk, 0210).With this theory, a person develops based on needs and the ability to control one’s self. Erikson was the believer in stages unlike Freud who believed that a single event in a child’s life would have such a big impact on adulthood. He introduced the time line of development from birth to late adulthood showing how the person changes with maturity. Adding to both of these theories is Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theory which explains that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world (Berk, 2010).This theory extends into adulthood as well. People learn new things everyday by manipulating things around them. Therefo re, if a child learns to manipulate things at a young age, they are capable of continuous learning or an ever evolving development of the mind. These three men helped shape the concept of psychology and helped researchers understand it better today by testing their theories over and over again. Research is the basis for any theory. Without research, there would be no foundation for anything.Therefore, studies must be conducted, people must be observed, interviews must be done, and information gathered. It has been known for some time that people are all different; the way they think, the way they react to different stimuli, and the way they interact with others. It is known that experiences and influences have quite a significant impact on a person’s psych. However, this would not have been known without the hours of laborious research conducted through studying people under different circumstances. One research method is observation.Observations can be done in many different ways. One is through correlational design. This is where researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants; characteristics and their behavior or development (Berk, 2010). This type of observation is the most natural and non-evasive way of conducting research and one of the best ways to get pure information. Using an evasive form of research can be useful as well, however.Interviews can help researchers in a big way by getting information straight from the subject without trying to guess what the person is thinking or what the person might do when faced with a situation. There are different ways to conduct interviews such as clinical interviews where a person takes part in an open conversation or structured interviews where a person takes a questionnaire, test, or simply answers a few questions. There are many ways to conduct research but there is just one thing; people must be respected and treated fairly when doing so which leads to ethics.Thus, the federal government came up with ethics codes to protect those being studied. There are certain rights a person has when being studied or evaluated for any type of mental health research. The rights of research participants include: protection from harm, informed consent, privacy, knowledge of results, and beneficial treatments. Protection from harm is the right to be protected from physical or psychological harm. Informed consent means that all participants or guardians of participants must sign their permission for the research to continue.Privacy means that information regarding them personally, identity, cannot be shared with outside parties. Knowledge of results means that those participating in the research have a right to know the outcome of that research and beneficial treatments is if experimental treatments believed to be beneficial are under investigation; participants in contr ol groups have the right to alternative beneficial treatments if they are available (Beck, 2010). Without these rights in place, people would not have any say in what was done to them or how the research was collected.People would, in essence, be nothing better than cattle told what to do in the name of research. Over all, research is necessary to help discover all the possibilities there are regarding psychological development. Researchers and theorists like Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, and Jean Piaget helped shed light on the evolution of psychology and how it is ever changing. Researching and gathering information is the only way to continually develop theories and test possibilities regarding mental health.In doing this, it is imperative to remember that those who are researched and observed have rights that need to be respected meaning an ethics code must be followed. Psychology, although centuries old, is still an enigma to be discovered with constantly evolving aspects that r esearchers may never fully understand. Reference: Berk, L. E. ,(2010). Development Through the Lifespan. (5th ed. ). Pearson Education, Inc. , Allyn &Bacon, 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston MA 02116

Safety Culture; Do Safety Incentives Really Work Research Paper - 1

Safety Culture; Do Safety Incentives Really Work - Research Paper Example The purpose of this project is to examine the fundamentals and background of the safety culture at business organizations. Assuming the role of an investigator, I anticipate that the project will meet the learning objectives of the study. These objectives pertain to the learning of safety culture, its purpose and significance, along with the achievements that the organization and employees will have from the various safety incentives. The secondary research and personal observation has been invested to conduct the research at hand. I have examined the concept and implementation of the safety culture in various large scale organizations. In the light of such observations, the study brings a greater knowledge of concept. Thus, the argument and research presented in the study depicts a greater understanding of the flexibility and purpose of the safety issues at the workplace. Every organization manages a particular culture regarding the business and work affairs at the workplace. Safety culture is just one similar part of the organization’s safety management connections. The term ‘Safety Culture’ is used to refer to the manner in which the workplace is managed for safety and protection. It frequently replicates "the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to safety" (Cox and Cox, 1991). It was after the Chernobyl disaster that the trend of the safety culture developed. The disaster brought into focus the significance of the safety culture and the effects and influence of the human and managerial elements upon the safety performance. INSAG in the year 1988 had introduced the usage of the term ‘safety culture’ in its ‘Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident’. In this report, the safety culture was originally defined as the assembly of

The Role of Fluency in Comprehension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Fluency in Comprehension - Essay Example This paper, basically, examines the effects of reading fluency on comprehension. Fluency refers to the ability to read aloud automatically and expressively with understanding (Fountas & Pinnell 62). Fluency is one of the requirements for becoming an excellent reader. Excellent readers are efficient problem solvers, who utilize syntax and meaning as they quickly decode unfamiliar words efficiently. Fluency should, however, not replace the meaning as the main focus of reading (Fountas & Pinnell 64). According to Mrs. Pepper, a speech pathologist in Athens, fluency is the ability to pronounce the words without struggling. She suggests that struggling to call words affects people’s thoughts. The National Reading Panel defines fluency as the ability to read comprehension accurately, quickly, and with proper expression (Fountas & Pinnell 68). The study of fluency among school children became a significant concern, after NRP realized the children were not getting the proper fluency r equired out of them. Limited fluency makes it difficult for the children to understand what they reading. The researchers analyzed two teaching approaches since they had not settled on one. The first approach requires students to read comprehension orally with feedback and guidance (Fountas & Pinnell 65). This includes paired reading, assisted reading, repeated reading, and shared reading. The second approach encourages students to read extensively. This includes programs such as accelerated reader, drops everything and read (DEAR), sustained silent reading (SSR), or any other appropriate incentive program (Fountas & Pinnell 67). The researcher at NRP established that Guided Repeated Reading procedures are efficient enough to improve reading fluency, and general reading achievement. These procedures improve word fluency, recognition and comprehension (Fountas & Pinnell 70). However, the researchers found out that children do not improve their fluency if they are left to read on thei r own. It is also necessary recognize that these programs do not improve reading skills. Fluency is usually analyzed with respect to comprehension. After the Pre-Kindergarten level, children are expected to begin reading independently. As the complexity and volume of reading materials and expectations get wider, children who still have a problem in reading fluency usually have difficult times understanding and handling schoolwork (Fountas & Pinnell 69). Students who cannot read and understand passages lose both the academic and intellectual grounds. The NPR identifies a strong correlation between comprehension and fluency. Fluency frees reference materials to process meaning. Fluency is something that is instantly acquired, and therefore, it is long-term. Classroom activities and strategies like repeated reading can encourage students achieve fluency (Fountas & Pinnell 72). There are various strategies that tutors can use to develop, and improve fluency among their students. For ins tance, teachers and students can do repeated reading in classroom, try readers’ theater in class, and model fluent reading (Fountas & Pinnell 65). Modeling provides approaches through which the teachers demonstrate unfamiliar reading strategy or skill to the students. Teachers are experienced readers, and they do modeling whenever they participate in literacy activities. Pre-Kindergarten students learn from their teachers when they turn pages, hold books, and read from left to right. They also listen to the tonal variation and

Ending of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ending of Life - Essay Example The LCF strongly views that the legalisation of euthanasia and physician assisted suicide is against the right of the under Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The LCF has brought to light that euthanasia or physician assisted suicide cannot be truly autonomous acts which requires consent and the accurate assessment of competence is not adequately guaranteed. Further, the submission also focuses on the fact that it is to too difficult to ensure a truly voluntary decision and it is impossible to regulate euthanasia or physician assisted suicide. The LCF rightly has pointed out that neither the doctors nor patients want euthanasia and the legalization would create a policy drift away from the principle of inviolability of life, thus opening the door to further liberalization of the law. In the submission, ‘ECHR’ denotes the European Convention on Human Rights 1950, ‘ECtHR’ denotes the European Court on Human rights; ‘PAS’ denotes physician assisted suicide, where a doctor helps a patient to take his or her own life; Euthanasia denotes the intentional termination of a patient’s life by a doctor who thinks that death is of benefit to the patient; Involuntary euthanasia denotes euthanasia being carried out against the wishes of a Non – competent patients; The House of Lords Committee denotes the House of Lords Select Committee on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill; The Select Committee Report denotes the First Select Committee Report of the House of Lords on the Assisted Dying for the Terminally Ill Bill. The LCF has classified its objections into various categories as The Right to Life, The Right to choose, The Problem of Consent, Depression, The Impossibility of the Regulation, Safeguards, Implication and Conclusion in the submission. According to the LCF submission, the Right to Life is the corner stone of human rights law, which has the protection under the Article 3

Tax cases and internal research memo Assignment

Tax cases and internal research memo - Assignment Example In this particular case, Artnell Company has faced obligation from the court of the United States regarding its transferee and tax payment. In this regard, it has been recognized that the issues has upraised from the deferral operations of its assets and liabilities. As an effect, it has been observed that the company has not been able to recognize its actual income due to irregularity. As a consequence, the company was not able to submit its due amount of tax. Correspondingly, the court of the United States has appealed for the penalty including the due tax amount of the Artnell Company. CASE 2 In this case the United States court has filed a charge against the Federal partnership tax returns of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, Ltd. In this regard, the partnership firm has not recorded its income items on the basis of deferral method, which has affected the taxation of the company. Under section 451, a lawsuit against the company was filed for not maintaining the yearly income receipt adequately. On the other hand, under section 446(c), taxpayers are liable to pay the computed taxable income. In this regard, the United States court has recognized that $125,000 sponsor fee was unpaid. In this case, petitioner has kept all the record related to the income tax return on the accrual basis. The U.S. Supreme Court has identified the problem regarding the income of the firm. In this regard, the Supreme Court of the U.S. has sought for the cash receipts of includible amount. Moreover, during the inspection the Commissioner of the U.S. Supreme Court had asked for the receipts regarding installments including the due amounts as well as total payable amounts. During that phase the company has unable to show the gross income for the year. At the same time, due to deferral of prepaid income, company was not able to reflect its deferral income. Thus, under the section 41

Anne Watson on Teachers as Informal Assessors Essay

Anne Watson on Teachers as Informal Assessors - Essay Example Included in this identification of components are criticisms on traditional, as well as new, approaches to evaluation practices. Of particular significance is the perspective provided with regards to the teacher prejudices which are often overlooked. This was identified because Watson’s perspective was detached as the author played the role of the researcher observing and evaluating the teachers she studied. A list of these prejudices and an understanding of each one could enable me to avoid them as much as possible. Also, it will allow me to understand the dynamics behind these prejudices or sets of values. Watson explained that teachers’ decisions are influenced by a number of variables. For example, there is the differences in how normal or abnormal are viewed; generalisability of illustrative incidents, sense of power, time and place, interpretation of questions and answers, assumptions of shred understanding and so on (p. 73). So when a prejudice is identified, it does not necessarily mean that it is conscious or that it is the teacher’s fault. These things are important to me to be able to inform on decisions and judgments. As I acquire a broader perspective based on this knowledge, I am able to use approaches and practices that are consistent with my objectives and standards of practice. The list can also allow me to be able to identify a mix of components and practices that I could use, tailored according to my needs and those of my students. Several frameworks were offered and I found that I could use some of them, even modify or integrate them altogether. For example, the procedure for systematic observation practice was outlined. Theories were promptly cited in order to contextualize activities and practices, such as these observations and the interpretation of observed phenomena. There are several interesting elements in the article that particularly stood out. For instance, there are the interviews that demonstrated the manner by which theory and practice differ. The interaction between the researcher and the teacher-participant provided fresh insights because when teachers provide data based on actual experience, the researcher examines them from the theoretical perspective. The interplay of these two elements – actual experience on one hand, and theory and critiques on the other, offered an opportunity for me to take useful components and incorporate them into one workable framework for my own assessment practice. Another important information that I think deserves to be mentioned is the classification of actual informal assessment practices: the assignment of level of achievement using personal knowledge and experience; the use of school-sanctioned system of assessment; the employment of test or task; detailed and systematic recording methods. The variations are quite numerous. This point underpins the fact that informal assessment practices vary because teachers can have their own assessment pr actices. What Watson was able to identify from the numerous practices provided by the teacher-participants was a comprehensive model that contains all the concepts and practices depicted in the manner of their relationships, interactions and characteristics in the context of