Mans Discovery Of Fossil Fuels Could Be His Downfall. Discus Essay

Throughout the entire history of mankind, the technological advancements that civilisations have made have always been tied in with the development of skill sources. The first human faculty technology was fire, along with human labour as the major(ip) energy source. This has bee supplemented by animals for agriculture and transportation since at to the lowest degree the dawn of agriculture some 10,000 years ago. Wind and waterpower for milling grain have also been used nearly as long.The development of the steam locomotive by George Stephenson in the late 1700&8217s was the technological breakthrough that led to the industrial revolution. For the first time in human history transportation could be provided without the use of domesticated animals. Steam engines were used in steam locomotives, steam tractors and steam ships (B.Nebel and R.Wright 1995). Stationary steam engines were rapidly established in all the major industries. The major fuel for steam engines was firewood. By t he end of the 1800&8217s, the demand for energy was ever increasing and firewood around industrial centres was becoming scarce. This led to a swop to coal as the major source for fuel and energy. As well as powering steam engines coal became widely used for heating, cooking and industrial processes. line of descent pollution during the Industrial revolution was far worse than anything seen today. Apart from the smoke and fumes obscuring visibility, they also caused major health problems to the inhabitants of the industrial areas reducing life expectancies, preponderantly with respiratory diseases.The simultaneous development of the internal combustion engine, well drilling technology and the capacity to refine crude oil into gasoline and another(prenominal) runny fuels (B. Nebel et al 1995) in the late 1880&8217s, produced an alternative to steam power. Air pollution was greatly reduced as coal-fired steam engines and gasoline and diesel engines, and fuel oil furnaces replaced f urnaces.Due to the length of time it takes to change from one energy technology to another, it was not until the late 1940&8217s that oil surpassed coal as the worlds major energy source. World oil use peaked in 1979 when daily production passed 66 million barrels per day (W.Cunningham et al 1993). This was not without problems however. In 1973, the information of the increasing dependence of industrialised nations on oil along ... ...nder normal conditions. Extraction of fossil fuels is a dirty and dangerous business, with associated diseases of workers and environmental pollution, such as dust from mining and spills from tankers transporting oil.As can be seen from the various points discussed, the civilisation that we inhabit today is very much dependent on fossil fuels, without them the level of technology that we take for granted today would not exist. The economical, political, social and environmental issued associated with them show the problems of mans dependence on them. With increasing worldwide demand, and declining supplies, every effort take to be made by governments to find solutions to these problems. This has already started today, with developments in alternative energy sources such as nuclear power, which raises its own issues, and the move towards solar and other renewable energy sources.ReferencesCunningham. W.P and Saigo B.W (1995). Environmental Science A Global Concern. W.C.B, Bubuque.Nebel B.J and Wright R.T (1993). Environmental Science. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.Pickering K.T and Owen L.A (1995). An Introduction to Global Environmental Issues. Routledge, London and New York.

Computer Science :: Graduate Admissions Essays

Computer Science   I remember the day as if it were yesterday. During my second year in college, I was attempting to transmit a group of characters comprising my do from one computer to another. I connected the computers using RS-232 cable, wrote the necessary programs and executed them. I typed my name on one terminal and rushed to the other to bump the results. Wow, this is magic I exclaimed as I read Tom on the screen. While I realized intuitively that a complex version of this elementary mesh topology could achieve much, at the time I had no real idea what. Now, four years later, I know that Networking makes possible a plethora of applications, from video-conferencing over the Internet to linking banks through private networks. It still seems like magic. Or rather, a grand adventure - one that I most certainly want to be part of.   My interest in applied science dates back to my school days. During high school, I was fascinated with electronic gadgets. Soon there su bsequently, designing and building introductory circuits started as a hobby. Along the way, however, I realized that the problem-solving aspect of making electronic gadgets was what I enjoyed the most. Engineering was a natural career choice after this.   During my undergraduate studies at the Electronics & Communication department of M.K. College of Engineering, subjects like Microprocessors, C-Programming, Computer Networks interested me the most. I was awestruck by the potential of Intel 8086 microprocessor, more so by the manner in which its faster and more powerful cousins revolutionized the working of computers in a decade. I was now determined to focus on microprocessors during my Final course project.   I elected to do the project at National Space Research Organization (NSRO) as it has an outstanding infrastructure setup and a stimulating, world-class research environment. This enabled me to work with some of the best minds dedicated to engineering research in my country. I gained a lot from this association - in particular, an idea of how honor and meaningful a career in research could be. The more tangible benefits have been a deeper insight into architecture and working of microprocessors and thorough C-programming skills. Sometimes I spent more than ten hours a day at NSRO, reading manuals and troubleshooting circuits and debugging code. I am glad to say the effort paid off in the end.

The Anthropic Prohibition on Preemptive Warfare Between States :: War Wars World Politics Essays

The Anthropic Prohibition on Preemptive Warf ar Between StatesWhen considering the pre-emptive strategic approach, it is useful to reduce hypothetical scenarios to a humanly clear level. War, natural disasters, and other events of this magnitude are beyond a minds comprehension in their totality. By using a domestic parity, such(prenominal) as advocated by Christian Wolff, where states are regarded as various(prenominal) free persons living in a state of nature, the moral and legal implications of pre-emptive actions can be seen more clearly (Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum, 2, p.9). The advent of pre-emption has coincided with an explosion of non-state actors on the military stage, and it is therefore important to expand the analogy beyond states the analogy is otherwise just now applicable to nations in a macroscopic political arena, such as existed before World War I. This paper will expand Wolffs whim of the domestic analogy to embrace and differentiate state ac tors and non-state actors, and use this expanded principle to produce scenarios in consideration of pre-emption. The examination of these scenarios will yield that pre-emption is a morally wrong military strategy between states, though state interaction with non-sovereign actors is far more ambiguous.We can extend the domestic analogy of Wolff, to make a general anthropic principle (human-like principle), which states that any group of spate, whether a state or an organization, can be made analogous to 1 person. Both states and organizations have governing bodies composed of people, and these bodies make individual decisions, which in turn affect larger groups of people. Though it is more difficult to reconcile many a(prenominal) competing individuals vying for a specific decision or policy within one organization, this can be represented as competing elements of a human mind, such as emotion and reason or desire and conscience. Usually, a conflict between elements is resolved i n some manner and a decisive moment occurs, whether it is an individual or an organization. This anthropic principle can continue farther in analogy and embrace more unorthodox situations as well. A state impel into anarchy, without any discernable authority, is similar to some mental disorders, where competing elements in the mind eliminate the faculties of reason. The actions of terrorist organizations, nations, independence movements, and any other artificial construct to group people can all be compared to the actions of one individual person for ethical examination. This is an important acknowledgement, because the Al Aqsa Martyrs brigade, the Tamil Tigers, al Quaeda, and the Irish Republican Army are all significant players in the current geopolitical stage global politics are not limited to state entities.

History of Parental Involvement in Education Essay examples -- Parent

History of Parent Involvement Prior to the 1850s, before public precept existed, parents and families were responsible for the education of their children. During the late 1800s and early 1900s education in schools became wide spread. As public education grew and teachers became professionals many began to believe that professionals alone should be responsible for educating children (Stein and Thorkildsen). As geezerhood went by, families showed some concern about this new view on who should be in charge of their childrens education. Parents began to show their concern for this division in education in the 1987 when the National Congress of Mothers, the foundation for the Parent Teacher Association, was formed (Stein and Thorkildsen). Since 1987 many more steps have been taken in an effort to appreciate the importance of parent involvement in education and to encourage parents to be involved in their childs schooling. Family Structure Parent involvement in a childs schooling has proven to be beneficial to the child regardless of the situation. The amount of the effectiveness of the parent involvement is directly connect to the structure of the family that the child comes from. A National Household Education Survey (NHES) from 1996 shows that children from dual parent homes are more inclined to excel academically and get involved in extracurricular activities. More so, they are not as likely to repeat a grade or be given a suspension, especially if their fathers show interest and become involved (Nord). In 38.5 percent of dual parent households parents actively help their child with homework three or more times a week (National Center for Education Statistics). In todays ever changing society dual parent ho... ... EBSCO Database. Retrieved borderland 8, 2002 from Eric Database. U.S. Department of Education. (1991). Other middle grade resources, Parent involvement at the middle school level. National Committee for Citizens in Education. Retrieved F ebruary 18, 2002 from the World Wide clear www.middle tissue.com/ParntInvl.html This is a well designed web site that provides resources for parents and teachers of middle school aged children. Articles, news stories, diaries, chats, newsletters, and hot links are available on this web site. Wherry, J. (2002). Selected parent involvement research. The Parent Institute. Retrieved April 11, 2002 from the world wide web http//www.par-inst.com/edresources/research/research.shtml This bit of selected research comes from the parent institute web site. The information provided on this rascal is supported by numerous references.

Harmful Algae :: Geology

AbstractThe purpose of this term paper is to provide information about the contrary kinds of algal blooms and their onus on our environment and ourselves. There are still a lot of things that are not known about the algal bloom phenomenon, and many different hypotheses have been presented to explain these. Throughout the course of this paper those hypotheses testament be presented and discussed, allowing the reader to derive their own opinion about the origin of algal blooms and what will happen in the future. table of content Table of ContentsI. Harmful AlgaeII. What are Algal Blooms and Red soars?III. Why do Algal Blooms emit?IV. What are the effects of Algal Blooms?V. Where and how often do Algal Blooms occur? VI. Resources I. Harmful Algae All algal species are not harmful. Only a few out of the thousands of species are associated with the phenomenon known as an algal bloom. These algae fall into two categories. The first category of harmful algae produces t oxins that are released when ingested by animals or humans. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (left) and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (right) are examples of toxin producing alga. The other category of harmful algae kill without toxins. These are equipped with structures such as spines and serrated edges that allow them to lodge in fish gill tissues. When this occurs it causes irritation which leads to overproduction of mucus which eventually leads to death. This Chaetoceros species (above) is an example of an algae that kills by using specialized serrated structures. back to table of contents II. What Are Algal Blooms and Red Tides?Algal blooms are when algae grows at a fast rate and accumulate near the surface, hence the term algal bloom. The term Red Tide is a misnomer because it has nothing to do with the tides. It refers to a specific type of algal bloom that occurs when certain species of phytoplankton that contain ruby pigments bloom causing the water t o look red. Red Tides are usually not harmful. The California Noctiluca Bloom is an example of a Red Tide back to table of contents III. Why Do algal blooms Occur?Scientists arent exactly sure of how or why algal blooms get started. One theory is that when temperature, salinity, and nutrients reach certain levels there is a massive increase in the amount of algae.

Harmful Algae :: Geology

AbstractThe purpose of this term paper is to provide information about the different kinds of algal boots and their effect on our environment and ourselves. There are still a lot of things that are not known about the algal crown phenomenon, and many different hypotheses necessitate been presented to explain these. Throughout the course of this paper those hypotheses will be presented and discussed, allowing the reader to derive their own opinion about the origin of algal blooms and what will pop off in the future. table of contents Table of ContentsI. Harmful AlgaeII. What are Algal Blooms and Red Tides?III. Why do Algal Blooms occur?IV. What are the effects of Algal Blooms?V. Where and how often do Algal Blooms occur? VI. Resources I. Harmful Algae All algal species are not harmful. Only a few out of the thousands of species are associated with the phenomenon known as an algal bloom. These algae fall into two categories. The first category of harmful algae prod uces toxins that are released when ingested by animals or humans. The dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense (left) and the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia australis (right) are examples of toxin producing alga. The other category of harmful algae kill without toxins. These are equipped with structures such as spines and serrated edges that allow them to lodge in tip gill tissues. When this occurs it causes irritation which leads to overproduction of mucus which eventually leads to death. This Chaetoceros species (above) is an example of an algae that kills by using specialized serrated structures. hindquarters to table of contents II. What argon Algal Blooms and Red Tides?Algal blooms are when algae grows at a fast rate and accumulate near the surface, hence the term algal bloom. The term Red Tide is a misnomer because it has nothing to do with the tides. It refers to a specific type of algal bloom that occurs when certain species of phytoplankton that contain red pigments bloom caus ing the water to look red. Red Tides are usually not harmful. The California Noctiluca Bloom is an example of a Red Tide back to table of contents III. Why Do algal blooms Occur?Scientists arent exactly sure of how or why algal blooms get started. One theory is that when temperature, salinity, and nutrients have-to doe with certain levels there is a massive increase in the amount of algae.

What Is Time?

Since the very beginning of the human history and up to the present clippings, the question of time has been a matter of the major philosophical and mathematical concern. Where scientists sought to establish the single and universal definition of time as applied to astronomical and geometrical additive theorys, philosophers tried to reconsider the relevance of time through and through the prism of its theory of relativity, instability, and its relation to eternity. Given the continuous evasiveness of time and its never-stopping constitution, it is difficult to deny that the notion of time comprises numerous features that are not always readily visible to researchers.Simultaneously, our festering dependence on time turns the latter(prenominal) into the critical component of our daily functioning. In reality, and taking into account numerous ideas about time, time is an intangible category which in our world is directly associated with the movement of blank bodies around the hide, and which in any case exemplifies a relative measure of events. Really, the whole history of mankind is associated with the continuous search for the single and universal definition of time.For years and centuries hundreds of scientists, archeologists, anthropologists, philosophers, and religious adherents sought to create a clearer vision of time. In the light of its evasiveness, and given the intangible nature of time, it was more and more difficult for humans to come to a simple and common organization with regard to the definition of time. Now, as we find ourselves more and more dependent on time, we also find it more and more difficult to determine, what it is that we see through the clocks, alarms, and calendars.It would be fair to say that time is represented through change, such as the circular work of the moon around the earth. The passing of time is thusly closely connected to the concept of space (Science Daily), but is it enough to say that time is nothing more but the motion of celestial bodies around the earth? Certainly, the concept of time extends far beyond the boundaries of space consciousness, and while individuals try to determine what time is, a whole set of considerations and criteria needs to be interpreted into account.Historical and philosophic wisdom may help clarify the major time controversies. To begin with, it is in the dialogue between Plato and Timaeus that we front encounter the growing ancient interest toward time. He thought of making a certain movable image of eternity, and, at once with ordering heaven, he made an eternal image going according to number, that which we have named Time (Reichenbach 43). Here, the definition of time comprises both physical and metaphysical understanding of continuous motion, and also confirms the cosmological nature of time on our planet.For Plato, the concept of time is nothing else but a unique combination of eternity and change. This uniqueness is justified by the growing agenc y that time, on the one hand, exemplifies stability and a measure of everything, and on the other hand, works as a never-stopping evasive machine. Nevertheless, it is with Plato that scientists and philosophers have gradually come to wee the importance and role of space bodies in designing the vision of time and its relativity. It is with Plato that we view space bodies as the major divisions of circular time.Space bodies link the concept of time to the concept of motion. Through the dialogue between Plato and Timaeus we see stars and other planets as indicators of intangible time ultimately, it is space that is associated both with eternity and continuous motion. Does that smashed that time is a purely philosophical concept and has nothing to do with specific mathematical sciences? In reality, scientists in general, and physicists in busy truly debate that they can scientifically justify and ground the concept of time.Although the scientific side of time is still unclear, it is obvious that researchers and scholars in science will further rehearse their mathematical and mechanical knowledge to develop new time theories. Einstein is well-known for his works about relativity and time, but onwards Einstein, Galileo and Isaac garden cart also tried to produce a single definition of time. For Barrow, time look ups not an actual globe but a certain capacity or fortuity for a continuity of existence just as space denotes a capacity for intervening length.Time does not imply motion, as far as its absolute and intrinsic nature is concerned time implies motion to be measurable without motion we do not perceive the passage of Time (Whitrow, Fraser & Soulsby 76). Barrow identifies Time with slow and steady motion, but he concludes that it is impossible to define Time without linking it to the steady and continuous motion of stars, the Moon, and the Sun (Whitrow, Fraser & Soulsby 76). As a result, the motion of celestial bodies can looks like the common thread between diametrical definitions of time.Certainly, Barrow was not unique in his desire to link time to space shifts, but he was one of the first to recognize time as a mathematical concept. For Barrow as well as for his followers, Time was a linear mathematical function. It was associated with a circular line. Barrow viewed time as the concept independent of everything else, and as the concept that flew regardless of economic, social, and environmental changes. However, Barrow was not the only one trying to discuss time from scientific viewpoint.Numerous scientific theories have been developed to prove or deny the relevance of different time definitions. For example, Newton viewed time not as motion but as a universal instrument of measurement according to his theory, time was not a relative but an absolute category (Brann 49). His ideas were later rejected by Leibniz, who was confident that Time was nothing else but a predetermined instalment of events for Leibniz, events were th e fundamental components of Time (Brann 56).In the variety of visions and ideas, none of them could become the basis for creating an objective theory of time. Time was always surrounded by a earth of myths and subjective opinions that lacked comprehensibility. It was not before Einstein that all previous assumptions have been reduced to nonsense, and it was not before Einstein that a completely new school of thought of Time has been developed. It might appear possible to overcome all the difficulties attending the definition of time by substituting the position of the small hand of my resist in for time (Brann 80 Seeman 104).Why watch? The truth is that it is virtually impossible to avoid subjectivity and relativity, when determining Time by watch. Also, it is impossible to guarantee synchrony of all clocks and watches on the planet. The choice of the watch as the instrument of Time is not accidental, as far as it exemplifies the dramatic differences in perceptions, which indiv iduals hold with regard to Time. Einsteins beliefs about time are rooted in earlier theories, which linked time to the motion of bodies in space.Simultaneously, Einstein was the first to link Time to the speed of light and the notion of simultaneity. Where the movement of watch had to denote the process or the motion of space bodies, this very watch had to denote the simultaneity of things. In other words, through the prism of Time, each event had to be linked to each particular moment of Time, or to each particular position of the watch hands (Whitrow, Fraser & Soulsby 87). The use of the watch as the measure of time, however, was only possible for the events that took place in close proximity.Thus, linking the concept of time to the concept of watch was possible only for the events that took place at close proximity. In case of events that took place at different locations, the concept of the watch immediately upset its relevance. Does that mean that we cannot reconsider the conc ept of Time without tying it to the concept of the speed of light? Or does that mean that Einsteins vision of Time is the some convenient and applicable of all Time theories? In reality, all time theories and assumptions are not without their fallacies.Time equally comprises keen-sighted and unreasoning features. From the rational perspective, time can be explained through the prism of space movements, or their sequence. Irrationally, time looks like a predetermined order of things, or their sequence that divides our lives into before and subsequently and flows independently regardless of the major environmental or physical changes. In the light of numerous theories and assumptions with regard to time, it is impossible to limit the concept of time to rational or irrational considerations.Moreover, it is the balance of rational and irrational that may help create the single and the most relevant theory of time. Leibniz wrote that Time is the order of existence of those things whi ch are not simultaneous. Thus time is the universal order of changes when we do not take into consideration the particular kinds of change (Seeman 77). Unfortunately, time is far from macrocosm universal but is still a measure of the order of changes, regardless of the nature of each particular change.From the differences and commonalities between philosophic and rational beliefs about Time, the latter comes out as the concept, which is closely tied to cosmology and the motion of celestial bodies around the earth, as well as the relative (and never absolute) measure of events and their sequences, with this relativity being integrally linked to the notion of light. Conclusion Over the course of the human history, dozens of philosophers and scientists sought to determine what Time is and what changes it produces on our vision of reality.Where philosophers held irrational beliefs about Time, scientists tried to link Time to mathematical concepts. Despite the differences, most of them viewed Time through the prism of cosmology and the motion of celestial bodies. Simultaneously, it was not before Einstein that Time ceased to be an absolute concept. As a result, through the major commonalities and differences in individual beliefs about Time, the latter stands out as a relative measure of events and their sequences, closely linked to the concept of cosmology and the motion of celestial bodies.

Categorical imperative Essay

Philosophers usually tend to calculate and respond in totally divers(prenominal) and opposite ways. However, in Glaucons repugn, Aristotle, Spinoza, Hume, Kant and Mill agreed that its an uncontrollable system of desire. In Glaucons dispute he describes three important ideas. The firstly idea is of the nature and origin of unjust, according to the common view of them (488). The second idea is I will show that all men who practice arbiter do so against their will, of necessity but not as a good (488).The third idea is I will argue that there is causal agency in this view, for the life of the unjust is after all better far than the life of the just (488). Each one of these philosophers responded to this challenge similar and different manners. Aristotle believed that to be a good man is to have good morality. In his point of view he sees that morality gives a reason that leads to actions. Artistotle respond toward Glaucons challenge is reason guides passion. This makes him an in justice man because he just cares about how to please him self and follow his desire.Spinozas idea is emotions have nothing to do with human beings its reasons that guide us. He believed that passion and emotions leads us to be changeable due to how the world around us and not necessarily our knowledge. Reasons give us the probability to gain knowledge of life. Spinoza becomes unjust and gives reasons to Glaucons challenge. From Humes point of view he believed that benevolence makes us social being instead of self interest. Humes main concern is sympathy and empathy. Sympathy is the nature of human that makes them human beings. Its the ability to see intuitive feeling pity toward other.Empathy is the understanding of botheration and gratification of one another. Hume believed that all human are selfish and that their passion guides their reasons. Passion and reasons is not having emotions or feeling pity. Humes view is that we should the ability to feel others emotions and unde rstand them. Kant sees that the categorical imperative is the only moral way to act. Categorical imperatives are based on ideals of logic and acts on duty. He believed that if you feel meet about something you did, you shouldnt consider it a reward but rather as a bonus for you.We only do moral things because its in fulfill our interest and benefit. Kant responds to Glaucons challenge that if the act is immoral, then it cannot be considered into categorical imperative. Mills view is that everyone should be satisfied and happy. He believes that everyone should think of the consequences of their actions before deciding to make them. Mill puts others as well as himself into consideration before any action. He doesnt argue towards or against Glaucons challenge, he just cares about his pleasure and others. Each philosopher had his own argument toward Glaucons challenge.Their ideas were unjust happiness towards Glaucons challenge. Aristotle and Hume had opposite views. Aristotles idea to wards the challenge was reason guides passion, where Humes idea was passion guides reason. Mill and Kant had the same assumptions. Mill expresses about pleasure and Kant was certain about duty. Mill agrees with Aristotle as well, they believe that happiness is a mans ambition and human existence. Spinoza is just unjust to the whole idea of the challenge. These philosophers ideas were very similar that a man would coiffure unjust if he had the ring.

New Zealand Families Today

RESEARCH PROJECT Women in later sustenance who hire chosen to go along voluntarily childfree what argon the implications if whatsoever? 1. AIM The aim of the look into is to explore the implications of be voluntarily childfree for women in later feeling within the unused Plymouth district of rude(a) Zealand. 1. a. INTRODUCTION Within many Western industrialised societies there are nonions that children run fulfillment, give purpose and off exercise l whizliness in later life. thither are tales like the Three Spinsters from the writers The Brothers Grimm which have contributed to the stereotypes of childless women as lonely, bitter and unsuccessful for decades.If children are necessary at preventing forlornness in quondam(a) develop there is concern in regards to the in the buff Zealand population trend. The 2006 newfound Zealand census released reports that by 2016 one in four women pull up stakes remain childless. The implications of the assumption that children are necessary for aged well existence could mean that our boarding generations whitethorn be prone to retirement. The changing demographics of our society combined with the findings that there is no inquiry to assure on unpaid worker childfree women in later life within New Zealand has amplified my interest in this look into topic.My interest in this research proposal stems from my experience localise in life. I am a 35 year old Pakeha woman who has chosen to remain childfree. I have had many assumptions upchuck forward to me in regards to my ain choice to remain voluntarily childfree. These are mainly aimed around the notion that I am destined for loneliness in later life and that I impart be unfulfilled. thus I have made my position within this research proposal transparent as I acknowledge it is influential to my perspective when I undertake the research. Delwyn scopePold age 2 The research proposal entrust outline the research modeology to be carried out. The rese arch go out be qualitative based on a womens rightists perspective, to provide knowledge of women issues, for women from women. The research get out be guided by feminist ideology and explore the socially constructed norms of womanhood without motherhood. The selective information collection provide be the use of narrationtelling which is fitting with qualitative research. The story telling process testament enlighten the researcher on how the participants came to their chosen life path.This will be informative as the participants came from the eras of where motherhood and childbirth was predominately roughthing that happened to women not chosen by women (Held, 1989, as cited in Riley, 2008). The participants for the research will be women who have chosen to remain childfree and they will be over the age of 65. The age range of 65 plus is described as late adulthood in human development lifespan theories (Berk, 2007). I have chosen this age criteria because critical social, e motional and developmental stages occur in this period of life which are broadly universal to nigh elderly (Berk, 2007).The research proposal will withal be based on the New Plymouth district of New Zealand. The New Plymouth district consists of New Plymouth and the towns of Waitara, Inglewood, Urenui, Okato, Bell Block, Oakura and many other smaller bucolic communities (New Plymouth District Council, n. d. ). Within New Zealand there is no empirical research done on New Zealand voluntary childless women in smaller urban areas in later life, hence why the research will be conducted here. 2. LITERATURE REVIEWThis books review has borderline reference to New Zealand literature as there is a limited larn on voluntary childfree persons within New Zealand. Therefore the majority of the literature relied on is sourced from Western industrialised countries. In 1997, Cameron investigated voluntary childless within New Zealand in her book Without Issue New Zealanders who choose not to have children. The participants within Delwyn topic knave 3 the research were numerous and involved mostly the qualitative uprise of telling their story (Cameron, 1997).One of the themes that was highlighted in Camerons (1997) study was the social perceptions of voluntary childfree persons the assumption that they were unhappy, selfish, emotionally unstable, immature and LONELY. This assumption of lonely old women has fueled the myth that those who choose not to have children are going to be pathetic in their later years (Cameron, 1997). This was a common theme uncovered in further literature. This stereotyped image of voluntary childfree as lonely and unfulfilled is still predominating in our society in the twenty first century.Riley in her 2008 Masters of Social Science in Psychology researched stereotyping of voluntary childfree couples within New Zealand. This qualitative study wondered and held focus groups of ten couples, to delve into stereotypes, pressures and harassmen ts of their chosen life path. One of the stereotypes that were identified was that they were destined for loneliness in later life (Riley, 2008, p. ii). throughout Rileys 2008 thesis the belief by those who have/want children is that for item-by-items in society, and especially women children were fundamental in providing fulfillment and companionship.Jamison, Franzini and Kaplan (1979, cited in Riley, 2008) investigation of American university students leap out Riley (2008) view that there are negative implications for women in later life who were remain childfree. The students perceived these women to be less likely to be happy and squelched in old age (Jamison, Franzini & Kaplan, 1979 cited in Riley, 2008, p. 21). The participants in Rileys (2008) research noted that there was harassment and pressure in regards to the implications and risks they were taking in remaining childfree.These were messages that in later life they would be alone, they would not have children to supp ort or give them fulfillment this would be internalised and their wellbeing would be effected (Riley, 2008). Delwyn Field pageboy 4 Regret is a message that childfree persons seem to hear continually in regards to their decision (Cameron, 1997). But there is to date research that has actually provided the oppo place outcome. In Jeffries and Konnett (2002) research found that 22 out of 23 participants of the Canadian voluntary childfree women did not regret their decision nor felt that their wellbeing was bear on by their decision.When analyzing Zhang and Haywards (2001) quantitative research of Americans in the 1993 Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) to cerebrate the Psychological wellbeing of childless older persons stereotypes are actually unfounded. The result of their research concluded that childlessness when voluntary did not support the hypothesis that childlessness increases loneliness and depression for divorced, widowed and never married elderly per sons (Zhang & Hayward, 2001, p. 311). Therefore children make little difference in how women fare in later life in regards to loneliness.This was again confirmed by Rempels (1985) research clause into the childless elderly. Rempel used the 1979 Social Change in Canadas entropy base to compare childless and parent elderly. The results from the research showed that statistically there were minimal disparities of what they were missing in life. The article stated there were benefits to both choices in life. When reviewing the article Rempel (1985) highlighted the ability of those who were childfree to have a parallel quality of life of those who were parents in later life. This refutes the concern that childfree elderly are isolated and lonely.What points to the parallel quality of life is that thou adult children provide support networks to elderly parents. The childfree elderly also have an established network of friends and family e. g. siblings who contribute to their support netw orks (Rempel, 1985). Rempel (1985) suggest this is due to childfree persons knowing that in later life children are not going to be available. So in turn they produce a life that gibes they are capable self reliant elderly with an established support network they get up (Rempel, 1985, p. 347). Delwyn Field Page 5Zhang and Hayward (2001) confirmed that the social support network was crucial in childfree elderly maintaining wellbeing. Their research linked older childless persons being integrated into close friend networks instead of the close family networks older parents had established this was on par or to a greater level at providing support (Zhang and Hayward, 2001). The research also underpinned the role of siblings, nieces and nephews played in elderly childfree lives as being important compared to that of elderly parents lives (Zhang and Hayward, 2001).Connidis and Davis (1990) qualitative survey of over 400 older person to conclude the place of family and friends in later life also states the use of differing support networks of elderly people is beneficial. In depth individual one hour interviews in America discovered that among elderly persons a diversified social network provides the best support in later life (Connidis and Davis, 1990). This is most favorable to childfree women as they tend to develop the strongest ties with friends and siblings as both companions and confidents (Connidis & Davis, 1990).This may be again due to ensuring their self reliance in later life due to no children to depend upon. One of the primeval findings in loneliness, social isolation and living alone in later life was the size of the individuals social network in offsetting negative effects of loneliness (Victor, Bowling, Bond & Scambler, n. d). Though a large amount of this literature review has shown loneliness is not the destiny of elderly childfree persons, it unfortunately has not included New Zealand childfree women.Therefore when analyzing Rileys (2008) chi ldfree participants in her New Zealand study was there any key theme that was established in regards to social networks and loneliness pertaining to the participants? on the whole participants raised the concern of their status childfree as making them much socially excluded. The difficulty of remaining friends with people when they became parents was expressed due to the nature of the relationship would change (Riley, 2008, p. 57). Maintaining friendships with parents was an issue and affected social networks.Cameron (1997) also discovered this in her Delwyn Field Page 6 study that childfree people believe that if they were parents they would have access to larger social networks (Cameron, 1997). This is because parents have more in common with other parents children provide a connection that is not available to childfree (Riley, 2008). Although to date no information could be found within the literature research to confirm that parenting is a take on to social inclusion. Unfor tunately no participants were elderly to conclude loneliness in later life.More research needs to be conducted in regards to New Zealand Childfree persons to conclude social network supports and loneliness in elderly here. An article released by New Zealand Statistics in 2008 concluded that if trends continue one in four elderly women in New Zealand will be childless. New Zealand statistics also stated that childless is more common among women living in main urban areas (Boddington & Didham, 2008). Boddington and Didham (2008) who collated this training from the 2006 census state this is due to the larger social networks available in main urban areas.So will women who remain voluntary childfree and reside in smaller urban areas, be championjected to more negative impacts from their decision due to more smaller social networks? 3. METHOD The research proposed is from a qualitative approach using storytelling as a means of selective information collection. This method is applied bec ause of the argument presented in favor of qualitative research that it views the social world as a complex, dynamic reality of multiple layers of meaning (Connolly, 2002, p. 27). Therefore qualitative data enables a more comprehensive insight into the complexity of people.Qualitative research also supports feminist principles of where women are collaborative and equal in the research (Smith & Noble-Spreull, 1986). Where-as if a quantitative method was applied in this research, it would focus on controlled data where the researcher has a hierarchical relationship with the researched, thus not equal and consistent with feminist values. Also through telling their stories women are given a voice to speak out within the public arena Delwyn Field Page 7 on pronatalism attitudes (promoting childbearing) which have been linked with patriarchal values and domination of women (Riley, 2008).In turn this research will empower women to explore the complexity of childfree women which is importa nt for feminism. Hence the qualitative approach when researching women who choose to remain voluntary childfree embraces the feminist perspective and enables us to set about understanding and information from the participants point of view (Bryman, 2001). 3. 1 DATA COLLECTION The data collection for the research is through one on one interview through storytelling. Davidson & Tolich state storytelling aims to explore an individuals identitythrough personal accounts (Alice, 2003, p. 6). It is a method that reveals rich data because when individuals talk of their understanding of events they may retell it giving greater insight to the complexity of their experiences and themselves (Webster & Mertova, 2007). This would be favorable in this research because the participants may have quite unique and complex accounts of their chosen life path where their point of view is vital for data collection. Feminists also believe that storytelling is unique at capturing the diversity of experienc es between women (Alice, 2003, p. 67).The interviews will be conducted within the participants home, at times which are most convenient for them. There is no structured time set due to the nature of the data collection method, but the research is based on one or two in depth interviews. The life stories will provide the interview format, my role as the researcher will be to provide prompts to encourage the flow of the interview process. Being an insider within the research proposal, and having my position transparent through contributing and sharing in the interview, will enhance the process of sharing stories.Through the storytelling collection method the research will seek to cover several aspects of the participants life story. These will be consistent with revealing data that will help to conclude what it is like to be voluntary childfree in later life. See appendix one for subject matter the interviews will be seeking to cover from each participant. If a more formal structured Delwyn Field Page 8 interview was to take place assumptions about the participant may taint their viewpoint and limit the data collected (Bryman 2001).The interviews will be recorded by audiotape, once consent is gained from the participants (Appendix two). This will enable me, the interviewer, to remain focused on the participants and enable the flow of the interview. agate line taking will not be included as it may distort respondents answers and may be interruptive in the flow of the interview (Bryman 2001). The audiotapes will be transcribed by the interviewer and transferred to a embarrassing copy. The participants will be invited to be supplied with a full copy of the audio interview and hard copy.This will in turn encourage reciprocity i. e. equal bi directional relationships within the research process, which is in line with feminism ideology (Smith & Noble-Spreull, 1986). It will also allow for the participants to confirm and have the opportunity to comment and make chang es to their stories. This empowers the participant and encourages an egalitarian relationship which is congruent with qualitative research (Smith & Noble Spreull, 1986). The data through out the research project will be kept in a locked filing cabinet within my home in Taranaki.All information that is stored on computer will be contained in a secure file. At the end of the research project all data will be destroyed that is held on the computer, and within the filing cabinet. The participants audio tapes and hard copy transcripts will be returned to them or destroyed at the end of the research depending on their personal preference. The qualitative research will be analysed using coding where data retrieved from the story telling is broken stilt to key findings using the themes from the interview guide and other categories (appendix one).The other categories may be quite broad due to the in-depth nature of the data collection, thus sub categories may evolve through the data analysi s (Bryman, 2001). The use of coding within the research enables the researcher to review transcripts and decipher significant common themes of the participants interviews Delwyn Field Page 9 (Bryman, 2001). The coding process will categorize the participants life stories showing common patterns in the social world of those who remain voluntary childfree and allow for analysis of the data (Bryman, 2001).Within the data collection coding should be done as soon as possible to modify your understanding of the data and help with providing other emerging patterns (Bryman, 2001, p. 398). These patterns above the interview themes will contribute to the findings and the development of a theory to conclude the implications of remaining voluntarily childfree in later life. Once the coding is complete the data can be statistically analysed. 3. 2 SAMPLE GROUP/ PARTICIPANTS The sample group will consist of seven voluntary participants.The criteria for the sample group will be female, aged 65 yea rs plus, voluntary childfree, living independent within the New Plymouth district community and have no cognitive impairment e. g. Alzheimers and dementia. The participants will be recruited through volunteer means. An advertisement will be dictated within the local New Plymouth Midweek paper, over a period of two months recruiting volunteer participants (appendix four). The advertisement will also target local authority Age Concern to advertise in their newsletter magazine (Appendix four).Recruitment will also depend on invitations been extended through snowballing where the researcher depends on the social network groups of childfree women to enable invitation. Bryman (2001) describes snowballing as the opportunity to use a small group to recruit other participants who are relevant for the research. This method of recruitment is chosen because there is no data base to seek women who have chosen to remain voluntary childfree available in New Zealand. The researcher will select t he first seven participants who meet the chosen criteria.The number of participants allows the researcher to acquire a large enough sample base for data to be consequential in providing an analysis of voluntary childfree women. The Delwyn Field Page 10 group number is also conducive in enabling the type of data collection method to be effectively conducted. This is due the in depth nature of story telling collection methods in conjunction with the time restraints of the research proposal. The selected seven participants will be sent a letter introducing the researcher stating what is required as participants (appendix three), and a consent form (appendix two).The consent form will tell the participants of their rights, where the information will be used and ensure them that they can withdraw from the research at any time (appendix two). 4. ETHICAL ISSUES Through my study as a social work student I will be guided by the Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (ANZASW) Code of ethics (2008) ethical responsibilities in research. The research carried out will be in line with social work practice and be sensitive to the wellbeing and arrogance of participants by integrating the following into the research proposed (ANZASW, 2008, p. 4). Before undertaking any recruitment the research proposed will be taken to the Western Institute of technology (WITT) Ethics Committee to seek guidance and advice in regards to what research ethics committee I may need to gain approval from. This will ensure that the research meets the appropriate standards of being ethically sound. Within the voluntary recruitment process no participants will be obtained by coercion nor by personnel office and at all times through out the research the participants have the right to withdraw without explanation to the researcher (Wilkinson, 2001, p. 6). The introduction letter (Appendix three) will be to ensure that participants are fully informed of all relevant information in regards to the nature, purpose and process of the research that is to be carried out. This information will be fully disclosed whether the participant has asked for it or not and will ensure that the participant gains full knowledge of what they are getting into (Wilkinson, 2001). This will all be disclosed before obtaining written consent (Appendix two) from the participants so that no deception occurs. Delwyn FieldPage 11 All data collection methods will be conducted in a manner that upholds the principles of Te Tiriti O Waitangi partnership, participation and protection. The research will be conducted so that self determination is sustained. This will be through participants obtaining a full copy of the audio interview and written copy of the transcript for clarification. This will also provide the opportunity for them to change and omit any information that they do not wish to be disclosed. Confidentiality will be upheld, names of participants will be deleted.Participants will be inform ed though that some information given may enable them to be identified due to the size of the demographic area so complete confidentiality can not be fully guaranteed. All information obtained will be destroyed on completion of the research project, with the option that participants may have information returned to them if they wish. The concern for hurt within the research would be that the research topic may generate negative memories and emotions for the participants.Under the clause 8. 1 of the ANZASW Code of Ethics (2008) the researcher must take all possible steps to protect participants, if distress does occur a referral to a counselor will be provided (ANZASW, 2008, p. 14). This service will be available during and up to the completion of the research. Potential problems that may occur in trying to carry out the research may be the perception that I the researcher are too young, thus discrediting my ability causing the participants to not talk to me.Also the ability to gain participants who wish to share their stories of their chosen life path of voluntarily remaining childfree may be considered too personal to share. If not enough participants are found the sample may not be large enough to give a significant and fair analysis of the implications of remaining childfree in later life within the New Plymouth district. Delwyn Field Page 12 At all times I will seek supervision due to my own personal position within the research topic. This will be to ensure information obtained from the research will not spark off any negative mental discomfort in my own personal life. . CONCLUSION This research proposal is an opportunity for women to tell their stories and enlighten society that womanhood in later life is not just valued on motherhood, thus disputing pronaltist ideology (Riley, 2008). These stories will hopefully support existing literature and remove assumptions, allowing voluntarily childfree women to be more valued in our society and not stereotyped for later life implications. One of the greatest benefits of this research is that undertaking research on women in later life who are voluntary childfree may assist future elderly generations.This is through providing rich data from their life stories which may conclude coping techniques to ensure well being an offset loneliness in later life. With using a feminist perspective in the qualitative research methodology the research will work for women and give a voice to empower them in their choices. The weakness of the research is that there is no quantitative data for triangulation which may have provided the research with more validity and reliability. approaching studies within New Zealand will be beneficial due to the limitations of this proposed research. Delwyn Field Page 13 6. BibliographyAlice, L. (2003). Power, experience, and process in femininst research. In C. Davidson & M. Tolich (Eds. ). Social Science look for In New Zealand Many Paths to Understanding. (2nd ed. ). (pp 62- 68), Auckland Pearson Education New Zealand Ltd. Alzheimers Society (2007, February). The relationship between Alzheimers disease and loneliness. Alzheimers Research News. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http//alzheimers. org. uk/site/script/news_article Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (Inc). (2008). Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers Code of Ethics. (2nd revision).New Zealand Aotearoa New Zealand Association of Social Workers (Inc). Ashcroft, C. DR (2009, April). Ageing in New Plymouth Planning for Tomorrow. New Zealand Ministry of Social Development, New Zealand Government. Berk, L. (2007). Development Through the careerspan (4th ed. ). United States of America Person Education Allyn and Bacon. Boddington, B. , & Didham, R. (2008). Busy making other plans Increases in childlessness in New Zealand. Statistics New Zealand Demographic Trends. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from http//www. population. govt. nz/NR/rdonlyres Bryman, A. (2001). Social Resea rch Methods.United Kingdom Oxford University Press Cameron, J. (1997). Without Issue New Zealanders who choose not to have children. Christchurch, New Zealand Canterbury University Press. Cahill, T. (2003, October). You Assumed Wrong. Macleans. 116 (40) 52. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http//proquest. umi. com/pqdweb Connolly, M. (2002, Spring). Routes of Knowledge Toward Informed Practice Differing Paradigms in Social Work Research. Social Work Review, 14 (3) 27-29 Connidis, I. A. , & Davies, L. (1990). Confidents and Companions in Later Life The Place of Family and Friends. Journal of Gerontology Social Sciences. 5 (4) S141-149. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http//socialsciences. gerontologyjournals. org/cgi/content/full//45/4/S141 Delwyn Field Page 14 Davey, B. (1999). Sketch of a Theory of loneliness. Perspective Mental Help. net. 4 (4) 1-3. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http//www. mentalhelp. net/poc_doc. php. Dyson, S. (1993). The Option of Parenthood. Great Britain Sheldon Press, Lo ndon Jeffries, S. , & Konnert, C. (2002). Regret and Psychological well being among voluntary and involuntarily childless women and mothers. International Journal of Ageing and Human Development, 54, 89-106.Retrieved May 29, 2009 from http//jfi. sagepub. com/cgi/reprint/30/5/670 New Plymouth District Council, (n. d. ). lively in New Plymouth virtually New Plymouth. Retrieved June 16, 2009 fromhttp//www. newplymouthnz. com/livingNewPlymouth/AboutNewPlymouth/ Pitt, L. (1989). Patriarchs, Paddocks And The Personal Five Women From The Wharehuia/ Te Popo District Talk About Their Lives. Unpublished Masters of Social Work Thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North. Pittaway, K. (2001, November). Your Kids, Your Problem. Chatelaine. 74 (11) 44. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http//proquest. umi. om/pqdweb Rempel, J. (1985, May). Childless time-worn What are they Missing? Journal of Marriage and the Family. 47 (2) 343-348. Retrieved May 26, 2009 from http//www. jstor. org/stable/352134 Rile y, T. M. (2008). Childfree couples experiences of stereotyping, harassment, and Pressure. Unpublished thesis of Masters of Social Science in Psychology, The University of Waikato, Hamilton. Rowland, R. (1982, March). An Exploratory battlefield of the Childfree Lifestyle1. Journal of Sociology. 18 (1) 17-30. Retrieved May 25, 2009 from http//jos. sagepub. com At Massey University Library. Smith, B. Noble-Spreull, C. (1986). An Overview of Feminist Research Perspectives in H. Marchant, & B. Wearing. (Eds. ) Gender Reclaimed Women In Social Work. Sydney Hall & Iremonger. Victor, C. , Bowling, A. , Bond, J. , & Scambler, S. , (n. d) Loneliness, Social Isolation and Living Alone in Later Life. ESRC Society Today. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http//www. esrcsocietytoday. ac. uk/ESRCInfoCentre/Plain_English Wane, J. (2008, May). Only the Lonely. North and South Magazine. 68-75 Delwyn Field Page 15 Webster, L. , & Mertova, P. (2007). Using Narrative Inquiry as a Research Method AnIntroductio n to Using Critical Event Narrative Analysis in Research on Learning And Teaching. USA Routledge Wilkinson, T. (2001). The join Ideas in Research Ethics in M. Tolich (Ed. ). Research Ethics in Aotearoa New Zealand Concepts, practice, Critique. (pp. 13-24). Auckland Pearson Education New Zealand. Zhang, Z. , & Hayward, M. (2001). Childlessness and the Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons. The Journals of Gerontology serial publication B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 56S311-S320. Retrieved May 8, 2009 from http//psychsoc. gerontologyjournals. org/cgi/content/full/56/5/S311

The Market Coverage Strategies

INTRODUCTION While company has distinguish fittingiated several merchandise particleation. Company need to select a commensurate and profitable plane section to enter it. But, how company identify which segment is most valuable to itself and compatible with its current pick and facilities. So, company may use merchandise coverage strategies to solve this problem and choice the best segment to enter it. Market coverage strategic is a method that helps in evaluating the various segments of the mart and deciding which segment to cover in the merchandiseing of a typeicular harvest-time.BODY There are 3 types of general mart coverage strategies which will loosely adopted by commercializeer. There are un distinctiated marketing, differentiated marketing, and concentrated marketing. For undifferentiated marketing, is a market coverage outline whereby company using exclusive harvest to attack whole market without concern differences within market. Undifferentiated marketing obt ain to mass distribution and mass advertising, which aiming to give the harvest-home a superior image in the minds of consumers.It helps in cost saving as single proceedsion line, inventoried, distributed, and advertised. So when it comes to market research and intersection point management, costs normally to be lower as still focusing single product. For example, Nestle company produce MILO to attack to whole market without differentiate market segmentation. This is a milk beverage with chocolate and malt, it has successfully attract wide segment of market likes children, teenager, adult and even old folk. MILO has become part of daily necessary of consumer.For differentiated marketing, this is multi-segment marketing which market coverage strategy while a company attack to two or more market segment by selling product and unique marketing strategy which tailored to each different segment. It would help company to obtain revenue from different market segment whereby attacking e really single market segment. However, it also increases the costs of production, inventoried, distributed, advertise, market research and product management.For example, Mc-Donald, it sells various type of burger to nates different type of market segment such as fish burger, chicken burger, and beef burger and happy meal (target children). So, customer will feel company able to serve what they need and other alternative choice even their taste change. Besides that, Mc Donald also sells fried chicken to satisfy those customers who has bored with burger. So, by targeting different type of market segments, it makes Mc Donald becomes successfully in the fast food industry.For concentrated marketing, it is one of the market segmentation which company produce product to market for a very well-defined, specific segment of the consumer population. This marketing strategy is highly focusing to the needs of that specific market segment. This strategy is particularly potent for certain co mpany. As limited resources, it enables the company to achieve a strong market position and becomes specialist in the specific market segment. Concentrated strategy helps in controlling cost effectively while avoiding mass production, mass distribution and mass advertising.So, company might use the fund from these aspects to invest R&D for its product development which will help company to sustain in the long run business within the specific industry. For example, ROLEX Company which produces luxuriousness watches to specific market segment, it has created the branded and luxury image to customer and highly focusing on the technical part of watches function development. ROLEX only targeting to higher(prenominal)-income customer segment, it creates higher profit margin as well although the market share is small.When company has understood about 3 types of general market coverage strategies, company should only choose one strategy out of these 3 due to resource limited and risk conce rns. So, what are the factors need to be considered between company stipulation and strategy in order to ensure company will choose the best market coverage strategy. The factors need to be considered are company resources, product variability, products stage in the heart cycle, market variability, and competitors marketing strategies. Firstly, company resource is crucial in choosing whether the company should go for undifferentiated, differentiate and concentrated.As these 3 strategies are requiring different level of resources to company, it needed to compatible with company current resource availability. For example, a new market entrant usually has limited resource and capital to invest its product to tailor with every different customer segment. So it might choose undifferentiated marketing in the early time of business to achieve economies of scale for cost saving and avoid risk and, as differentiated and concentrated strategies require more resource and capital to invest on it.Secondly, Product variability, company need to consider its product changeability while making decision to market coverage strategy. If the product changeability is low, it might be difficult to use differentiated marketing strategy for the company. So, it only goes for either undifferentiated marketing or concentrated marketing, as these two strategies focusing on single product producing to satisfy the market. For example, SUNKIST Company is using undifferentiated marketing strategy to target its market segment.The reason is because the product of SUNKIST is orange and it has limited the variability to target different market segmentation. So, differentiated marketing strategy is not appropriate in this case. Thirdly, Product stage in the life cycle, company might apply different market coverage strategy while different stages of life cycle. When the product under stage of groundwork in the product life cycle, it should apply undifferentiated marketing or concentrated marketi ng instead of using differentiated marketing.It is because when product under this stage, thither are lots of unforeseen risk along the time. Company should more focus the major customer and instead focus whole customer segment as it will be costly. For example, Old Chang Kee started its business with selling handmade curry puff to customer at the early stage of business. When its business has picked up, it started transfigure its product to serve variety customer segment by introducing new product likes sotong ball, chicken wing and up to 28 types of products.Fourthly, Market variability, when the time of market changeability is high, it will affect the market coverage strategy to apply. These product usually famous and decline by customer in a very short of time due to the trend. So, differentiated marketing strategy might not be suitable for these product, company would not be benefit to target all segment of customer and product life cycle is too short. For example, toy likes Y OYO and TRANSFORMER become famous and high demanded by customer as the bearing and movie affection.So, company should not apply differentiated marketing and concentrated marketing as it is no worth to invest to the product which product life cycle is too short. Lastly, competitors marketing strategies, company should consider other competitors strategies moves before determine market coverage strategies. It is too risky to mystify same strategies with own competitors and market share also will be reduced. Company should look for the latent market and enjoy the higher profit margin. For example, HERMES hold is targeting luxury market by using concentrated marketing.It helps to make higher profit margin from this specific market instead targeting mass market segment as there are too many competitors within the industry. Conclusion Company should understand which market coverage strategies appropriate to apply. It related to company product and future targeting customer segment. At the same time, Company need to compare with own current resource, micro and macro environment. Because these factors will affect the determination of market coverage strategies and also will decides the profitability of the product in the business.

How to Discipline Students with Disabilities

Theres nothing more difficult than having to discipline a child with emotional disability. These children needs special attention rather than the reward-and-punishment method or giving disciplinary action as with any other regular child. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( sentiment) provides procedural safeguards designed to assure that students with disabilities were not indiscriminately removed from their p bent approved program without consent and were guaranteed a free and seize public education (FAPE) within the least restrictive environment (LRE) (Dwyer 1997).These safeguards, however, are oftentimes misunderstood by school officials which tend to affect other students seriously. Kevin Dwyer gave examples wherein students with disability have caused serious troubles without being given considerable disciplinary action. integrity child, in one of his fits, punched another who was quietly waiting in line outside her classroom (Dwyer 1997). Another sets a trash on fire. As utter by the security specialist, when he was prohibited to use the usual disciplinary procedure Those kids get away with murder (Dwyer 1997).According to Dwyer (1997), there is nothing in IDEA which restricts schools from disciplining students with disabilities. In fact, some would say that by not addressing these dangerous behaviors the student with special needs is not receiving an appropriate education. Both of these children may need specialise services to change the disruptive and dangerous behavior to make sure whatever discipline is used works in preventing a reoccurrence of that behavior. In an movement to increase the positive and decrease the negative behaviors, Dwyer provides practical concepts in giving discipline among children with disabilities.One concept in which the school may assert positive behavioural response is establishing a code of conduct that includes consequences for violations which substantially disrupts the rights of others to be physic ally safe and to be educated (Dwyer 1997). Dwyer suggested that children with disabilities need assistance and instructions to master appropriate behavior, which basically mean that they need special attention in demonstrating socially appropriate behaviors.He suggested the involvement of parents in teaching the code of discipline to children with disabilities. He overly suggested to incorporate the code of discipline in the disabled childs IEP (Individualized Educational Program). He held that IEPs are designed to address both traditional academic needs and in meeting each of the childs other educational needs that result from the childs disability (Dwyer 1997). He also said the law provides that schools shall consider strategies, including positive behavioral interventions (Dwyer 1997).An example includes that for a child with attention deficit disorder, the IEP goals must include support and specialized help in increasing attention and sustained effort, probably by recognize t he childs effort for being attentive. For a child who cannot speak clearly or communicate feelings, alternative methods for communicating and for coping with frustration must be utilise before the disruptive behavior becomes routine and results in disciplinary action which may only increase the disruptive behavior (Dwyer 1997). Dwyer held that some of these concepts may also be applied to other troubling students.He held that it is the schools responsibility to maintain a safe environment conducive to learning and that any behavior which belt up learning and the success of educational program should be addressed(Dwyer 1997). It is imperative that school officials find a way to address the behavioral needs of children with disabilities, but, as already mentioned, parents also have the responsibility to partake, of which, in the first place, they should have been the one to initiate. School and parents should work cooperatively to change the pattern of negative behavior, Dwyer (1997 ) said.